Blog Posts – Page 3 – Leo Frank Case: The 1913 Murder of Little Mary Phagan by Mary Phagan-Kean, Second Revised Edition, April 26, 2025

Chapter 20: 100 years: 2013 Final

Word Count: 1936 Words, Reading Time: 8 Minutes

Mary Phagan in 1913 before her murder on April 26, 1913

For 100 years, ADL [Anti-Defamation League which was established in late September 1913 after the conviction of Leo Frank] has worked to reverse justice in the murder of little Mary Phagan

In 2013 on the 100^th anniversary [April 26, 1913] of Mary Phagan’s sexual assault and murder, the trial Brief of Evidence and appeals records of the Leo Frank case were digitized, as well as full unexpurgated digital record of all the contemporary reports about the Coroner’s Inquest which took place in the wake of the murder of Mary Phagan and the voluminous Atlanta newspaper reports about the crime.

The full text of every single article from the Atlanta Georgian, the Atlanta Constitution, and the Atlanta Journal that dealt with the 1913 Coroner’s Inquest was also reproduced.

NO PROOF AT ALL that “prejudice” or “anti-Semitism” [ a term invented by Jews to be used as a defense whenever a Jew is accused of a crime] affected the trial or lynching. This particular claim is central to the belief that anti-Semitism infected Frank’s murder trial and tainted the guilty verdict by the ADL and former governor Roy Barnes, Rabbi Lebow, Jewish Community and others.

This old complaint of anti-Semitism continues today even though the ADL's own expert, Steve Oney ANDSR in 2003 said it DID NOT HAPPEN and the DOWNRIGHT LIES continue in order to exonerate Leo Frank!

The ADL appears not to distinguish between the truth or lies regarding Leo Frank. Frank's Jewishness was NOT an issue during the trial and all Atlanta newspaper accounts state Leo Frank, Superintendent of factory - not ONE TIME do the newspaper accounts/Appeals state Leo Frank is Jewish and found no error in the trial proceedings and no anti-Semitism. The New York Times and other national newspapers did not cover the case on a daily basis which shows there was no interest in Leo Frank until Rabbi Marx went to New York after the verdict.

After Rabbi Marx's visit to New York, Adolph Ochs, Jewish publisher of The New York Times teamed with A.D. Lasker, an "advertising genius" to begin a nationwide campaign to exonerate Leo Frank. The New York newspaper's The Sun "Jews Fight to Save Leo Frank" signifies that Leo Frank was found guilty because he was Jewish and plays down the fact that he was a sexual pervert and murderer of a little girl.

One day before Leo M. Frank was scheduled to be hanged on June 22, 1915, by Sheriff Mangum, the outgoing Georgia Governor John Marshall Slaton used his executive privilege and commuted the death sentence of his own law firm’s client, Leo M. Frank, to life in prison at the eleventh hour on June 21, 1915. What made Governor Slaton’s commutation such a grotesque conflict of interest and betrayal of his oath of office (June 1913) was the fact that he was a senior law partner and part owner of the merged law firm “Rosser, Brandon, Slaton and Phillips,” which formed in July 1913.

The convicted murderer, having gone through an official coroner’s inquest jury that voted against Leo Frank 7 to 0, a grand jury that voted 21 to 0 against him, followed by a trial jury and judge that voting 13 to 0 against him, all giving a unanimous decision in their own way for this client. And all attempts to have the verdict set aside for this client or get him a new trial fail. (In total, after the capital murder trial, there were two years of judicial review by State, District, and Federal Courts, and all of these tribunals chose not to disturb the verdict when they had the power to do so. Even the Governor John M. Slaton himself wrote in his commutation order, on the last page, that he was sustaining the jury and appellate tribunals [appeals courts]) and that the charge of racial prejudice was unfair.

The public went into a fevered pitch, not because of anti-Semitism but because of Slaton's conflict of interest and feared Slaton had been bought.

John Marshall Slaton was hanged in effigy as a result of betraying his oath of office. About 1,200 people marched on the governor’s mansion, and had the local Militia not been called out to protect him, he would have been beaten and lynched.

The kidnapping of Leo Frank was not anti-Semitism. A group of prominent men of the Marietta community which were known as the "Vigilance Commitee" carried out the original sentence of hanging because he was a sexual pervert and murdered a little girl. He was lynched on the morning of August 17, 1915, outside of the town of Marietta where most of the Phagan family lived.

Tom Watson, Populist Politician wrote in "The Jeffersonian "magazine, “Lynch law is a good sign; it shows that a sense of justice lives among the people.”

The supporters of Frank:

"It’s the only known lynching of a Jew in American history." which emphasizes his Jewishness not conviction for being a sexual pervert and murder of a child.

leo frank hanged

The lynching of Leo Frank

From that time to present day, the ADL, former Governor Roy Barnes, Rabbi Lebow, and rest of the U.S. Jewish establishment intent is to reverse the guilty verdict of the trial, to exonerate Leo Frank fully, and to have the state of Georgia proclaim him to be an innocent man.

This is what has been accomplished by the ADL:

In 1982, the ADL of B'nai B'rith, the American Jewish Committee, Atlanta Jewish Federation and numerous other Jewish organizations pushed for a Posthumous Pardon and Exoneration for Leo M. Frank for the murder of Mary Ann Phagan based on Alonzo Mann's new evidence. The petition was denied on December 22, 1983.

In 1986, the ADL of B'nai B'rith, the American Jewish Committee, Atlanta Jewish Federation and numerous other Jewish organizations pushed again for a Posthumous Pardon and Exoneration Leo Frank again: Georgia Pardon and Paroles Board issue a posthumous pardon to Leo Frank and the Jewish groups expressed satisfaction with it:

'Without attempting to address the question of guilt or innocence, and in recognition of the state's failure to protect the person of Leo M. Frank and thereby preserve his opportunity for continued legal appeal of his conviction, and in recognition of the state's failure to bring his killers to justice, and as an effort to heal old wounds, the State Board of Pardons and Paroles, in compliance with its constitutional and statutory authority, hereby grants to Leo M. Frank a pardon. Given under the Hand and Seal of the State Board of Pardons and Paroles, this eleventh day of March 1986. STATE BOARD OF PARDONS AND PAROLES Wayne Snow, Jr., "

Blatant Lies: Revisionist of History

In 2003, the 90th anniversary of the Anti-Defamation League's establishment, the ADL entrance of the Mount Carmel Cemetery in Queens, NY where Leo Frank is buried.

It reads:

Leo Frank: The trial of Leo Frank in 1913 was motivated by the rampant antisemitism of the time. The founding of the Anti-Defamation League that same year was motivated by a passion to eradicate such injustice and bigotry. Despite his innocence, Frank was abducted from jail in 1915 and lynched. ADL remembers the victim Leo Frank and rededicates itself to ensuring there will be no more victims of injustice and intolerance.

The ADL has chosen to ignore the voluminous records of the case and their own expert, Steve Oney, which clearly shows no "prejudice" or "anti-Semitism" affected the trial or lynching to promote Leo Frank's innocence. Leo Frank was convicted of the murder of Mary Phagan and remains the convicted murderer.

In 2008 Erected by the Georgia Historical Society, the Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation, and Temple Kol Emeth.

Because of roadway renovation, the marker had to be temporarily taken down and put in storage and Rabbi Steve Lebow of Temple Kol Emeth in East Cobb. Lebow says he’s trying to get the lynching marker out of storage for a a rededication to be held in 2015 for the 100th anniversary of the lynching of Leo Frank.

See related image detail. Leo Frank Lynching Historical Marker

Inscription:

Near this location on August 17, 1915, Leo M. Frank, the Jewish superintendent of the National Pencil Company in Atlanta, was lynched for the murder of thirteen-year-old Mary Phagan, a factory employee. A highly controversial trial fueled by societal tensions and anti-Semitism resulted in a guilty verdict in 1913. [This particular claim is central to the belief that anti-Semitism infected Frank’s murder trial and tainted the guilty verdict which didn't happen according to Steve Oney, ADL expert who refuted this claim in 2003. So why are these organizations [The Georgia Historical Society, the Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation, and Temple Kol Emeth, Historians] continuing to deliberately promote and deceive the public.] After Governor John M. Slaton commuted his sentence from death to life in prison, Frank was kidnapped from the state prison in Milledgeville and taken to Phagan’s hometown of Marietta where he was hanged before a local crowd. Without addressing guilt or innocence, and in recognition of the state’s failure to either protect Frank or bring his killers to justice, he was granted a posthumous pardon in 1986.

LITTLE MARY PHAGAN DAY IN GEORGIA

(May 31, 2013 - Atlanta, Ga) Perhaps the most well-known and most horrific murder in the history of Georgia occurred on April 26, 1913 when little Mary Phagan was brutally raped and murdered while going to collect her wages of $1.20 before attending the parade for the aging Georgia veterans on Confederate Memorial Day.

The following proclamation establishing "Little Mary Phagan Day" is hereby published as commencement of an annual remembrance:

A Proclamation

Little Mary Phagan Day

Whereas:

Little Mary Phagan was born to Frances Elizabeth L. "Fannie" Phagan Benton Coleman and William Joshua Phagan in Florence, Alabama, on the 1st day of June, in the year of our Lord 1899; and

Whereas:

After the death of William Joshua Phagan, the family moved to Marietta, Georgia; and

Whereas:

Fannie Phagan married John W. Coleman in 1912, moving into the downtown Atlanta community of "Cabbagetown" where Little Mary Phagan began employment at the National Pencil Factory in the Spring of 1912; and

Whereas:

On April 26, 1913, Little Mary Phagan was on her way to celebrate Confederate Memorial Day by attending the parade of those aging Confederate veterans; and

Whereas:

Little Mary Phagan never made the parade, as she was beaten, raped, and brutally murdered, body thrown down an elevator shaft at the age of thirteen years old; and

Whereas:

The United Confederate Veterans and the Masons raised money to bury her at Marietta City Cemetery. She lies in the Southeast corner where Cemetery Street and West Atlanta Street intersect, adjacent to the Confederate Cemetery; and

Whereas:

Our Confederate heroes regarded her death as such importance to have buried her with Confederate veterans watching over her from her right, and Masons to her left; and

Whereas:

The Sons of those men in grey shall forget her not; now

Therefore:

I, Jack Bridwell, Commander,
Georgia Division of the Sons of Confederate Veterans

do hereby

Proclaim June 1st, 2013, and each June 1st hereafter, as Little Mary Phagan Day.

For more information, please contact Jack Bridwell, Division Commander for the Georgia Sons of Confederate Veterans at 1-866-SCV-in-GA or view information online at http://www.GeorgiaSCV.org.

END RELEASE

Ray McBerry Enterprises is the public relations firm for the Georgia Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans.

Chapter 19: PBS Documentary: The People vs Leo Frank: 2008; Seeking Justice The Leo Frank Case Revisited: 2009 Final

Word Count: 1530 Words, Reading Time: 7 Minutes

In January 2008, I was contacted by Laura Longsworth, Producer for Ben Loeterman Productions, Inc. regarding a PBS documentary: The People vs Leo Frank and Loeterman Productions, Inc. requested an interview. Although "we had many conversations regarding the documentary. the producer appreciated my time and thoughts especially considering past experiences with the media and the bearing the murder of little Mary Phagan and trial of Leo Frank have on my life," I declined the interview.

However, Bill Kinney [Associate Editor at MDJ] encouraged me to do the interview because he felt it was important to include the living persons who best understand and are credible regarding the events.

February 4, 2008, I received a letter and a draft of topics to cover in the interview from Laura Longsworth, Producer of Ben Loeterman Productions, Inc. "We look forward to meeting you at the Breman on February 17th for the "Seeking Justice" exhibit. And we really appreciate you considering the possibility of granting us an interview on February 19th. We are making no assumptions that you will ultimately feel comfortable doing this but very much hope you will. We feel that you, and you alone, can bring to this documentary the authentic voice and perspective of the Phagan family. We would like very much to tell Mary's background and story and if you can help us do this, the film would be that much stronger. We can commit to having you be the sole voice on your family's background and we can also commit to explaining that Leo Frank's pardon did not absolve him of the murder of Mary Phagan."

List of topics:

Breman Jewish Heritage Museum, February 10-December 31, 2008

Sunday, February 17, 2008: The Breman Museum

Mary Phagan-Kean attends

"Seeking Justice" opened Sunday, February 10, 2008 at the William Heritage Museum in Midtown Atlanta. It is considered the first exhibition about the complicated story of Mary Phagan's murder, Leo Frank who was convicted of her murder and his lynching. The museum's Archivist Sandra Berman has been collecting artifacts and documents for over 20 years.

This is the first time that the description of Mary Phagan is accurate. The Phagan Family appreciated being interviewed and providing artifacts/documents for the exhibit.

The interview date for Ben Loeterman Productions, Inc. was scheduled for February 19, 2008 in Sandy Springs at a period house built by the Candler family.

THE PEOPLE V. LEO FRANK

Premiere at the Cobb Energy Performing Arts Center

April 30, 2009, at 7:30 p.m.

Ben Loeterman's 90- minute documentary about the 1913 murder of Mary Phagan and the 1915 lynching of Leo Frank in Marietta combines archival footage, interviews with scholars and reenactments that were filmed in Georgia 2008. Steve Oney, author of "And the Dead Shall Rise," served as chief historical consultant for the documentary and stated that "Ben Loeterman lives in Boston, but he went the extra mile to give fair play to the Southern view of the controversial subject."

Georgians who appear in the documentary included former Governor Roy Barnes, Mary Phagan-Kean, great-niece of Little Mary Phagan, state Senator Chuck Clay, Tad Brown, great-grandson of Tom Watson, Dan Cox, director of the Marietta History Museum, deputy Cobb County District Attorney Van Pearlberg, and Bill Kinney, MDJ's associate editor. The interesting aspect according to Steve Oney is "The People vs. Leo Frank is that Marietta got to tell it's side of the story."

On May 2, 2009, the Marietta Daily Jornal headlines:

Leo Frank film draws Praise

Descendants, Cobb officials remark on tragic time in Marietta's history

NOVEMBER 2, 2009 / 8:00 AM EST / CBS NEWS

"NEW YORK (AP) It's a century-old miscarriage of justice that still haunts anyone who knows of it, and will surely disturb viewers introduced to this tragedy in "The People v. Leo Frank," a powerful retelling that premieres Monday on PBS at 10 p.m. EDT.In a rich blend of experts' accounts and dramatic re-enactments, the 90-minute film revisits the case of Leo Frank, a young Cornell-educated Brooklyn native who was plant supervisor of the National Pencil Co. in downtown Atlanta.On a Sunday morning in April 1913, the bludgeoned, sexually molested body of Mary Phagan, a 13-year-old factory girl, was found in the building's filthy basement. Within weeks, Frank, professing innocence, was arrested and charged with her murder after an inept police investigation that turned up no conclusive evidence.

Even so, a northern Jew had emerged as a more compelling suspect than a black man, Jim Conley, who was a janitor at the pencil factory and had plenty to implicate him as the killer. Frank was deemed a Yankee outsider by the local citizenry, while Conley, a man of the South and therefore one of their own by default, became the state's star witness against Frank.

It was a media sensation. The month long circus-like trial got spectacular treatment from rival newspapers, which helped whip the public into "a degree of frenzy almost inconceivable" (as The Atlanta Journal assessed the local state of mind).

(AP Photo/PBS)

Photo: Leo Frank.Frank was convicted and sentenced to death, and the city overwhelmingly rejoiced.

Then, after two years of appeals (which reached the U.S. Supreme Court), he was shown a bit of mercy by Georgia's conscience-stricken governor, who abruptly commuted Frank's sentence to life imprisonment.

This only reinflamed the civic uproar. Less than three months later, two dozen prominent citizens took matters into their own hands. This elite lynch mob removed Frank from the penitentiary where he was serving his life term and hanged him from an oak tree in Atlanta's neighboring town of Marietta. Thousands came to see: For them, justice had finally been delivered.

The story of Leo Frank has been told in many ways (including "Parade," a Broadway musical), but no more exhaustively than Steve Oney's splendid 2003 tome "And the Dead Shall Rise: The Murder of Mary Phagan and the Lynching of Leo Frank."

Now, in "The People v. Leo Frank," filmmaker Ben Loeterman has crafted an historical feature documentary that includes the voices of Oney (chief consultant on the project), former Georgia Gov. Roy Barnes, historians, members of the Frank and Phagan families, and "Parade" playwright Alfred Uhry, among others.

Framed by these speakers, the film's dramatizations transport the viewer to a tragic chapter for a region then proudly calling itself "the New South."

Loeterman, an award-winning filmmaker whose documentaries have aired on "Frontline" and "American Experience," says the interviews came first.

"We laid out the storytelling completely in the words of the interviews," he says, "and then figured out how the dramatic scenes could make the most of what those interviewees told us.

"It was critical for me to first get the story straight, before going off and getting distracted by the moviemaking."

The characters' dialogue is lifted from transcripts and letters. And the re-enactments were shot on location in and around Atlanta, to capture as much authentic look and feel as possible, even a century removed.

A vintage industrial elevator (crucial to the narrative) was found in a building that once stood near the long-gone National Pencil factory. The lynching scene was staged in a bucolic spot not far outside Atlanta, exactly where Loeterman chooses not to say.

The impressive cast is led by Seth Gilliam ("The Wire") depicting Jim Conley, and, as Leo Frank, Will Janowitz, who played Meadow's boyfriend Finn on "The Sopranos."

Despite a remarkable resemblance to Frank, Janowitz had a challenge in portraying him. Frank was chilly, stiff, high-strung, unengaging. He was, in short, not a showcase character, nor the ideal candidate for any film's protagonist. Nor, as history proved, was he a sympathetic defendant in a murder trial.

"He's not a hero, and he's not particularly likable," Loeterman says.

Frank was an ordinary man most distinguished by his outsider status. For that, he was savaged. As Loeterman's film documents painfully, the scars still haven't healed."

PBS televises "The People vs Leo Frank"

November 2, 2009 at 9:00 p.m.

I received calls, emails about the interview. One of my best friends from high school stated:

"I watched the show. You did very well. You were factual and articulate. It was an interesting show. It was also interesting to see that the descendants of so many involved were still interested in something that happened almost 100 years ago. That shows that the community was heartbroken by such a cruel act of the murder of a child.

I also remember my grandmother playing the Victrola record and telling me about it as a child. She lived in Birmingham, Alabama. This was heard all over the country and I don't think there was as meanness as there is now. I think people were shocked by it.

It was great to see you on TV. You were marvelous."

Margaret Ann* [We had a spend the night party at Margaret's house in high school and she played the record of Little Mary Phagan on the Victrola and later her family gave me the record]

Chapter 18: Leo Frank Historical Marker Approved in 2006; Dedicated 2008 Final

Word Count: 1115 Words, Reading Time: 5 Minutes

Coming Events: Joe Kirby Editorial Page editor of the Marietta Daily Journal, April 16, 2006

"'Lunch and Learn' Series at the Marietta Museum of History, the Frank trial will be re-explored by assistant Cobb District Attorney Van Pearlberg, one of the most knowledgeable of the younger generation of local Phagan/Frank, aficionados. The event will take place April 25 starting at 10:30. Tickets are $30 per person, with reservations required." Attending will be Mary Phagan-Kean, great-niece of murder victim, Mary Phagan.

A convicted murderer gets a historical marker.

So why does a convicted murderer get a historical marker? Leo Frank was found guilty by a jury who heard facts and evidence of the case. The jury convicted him and recommended the death penalty. Why is the jury and appeals [13 total and not one appeal felt that Leo Frank was not guilty] all the way to the Supreme Court being discredited? The jury and the judges were not corrupted or irresponsible in the performance of their duties.

Letter to Georgia Historical Society regarding Historical Marker for Leo Frank Lynching: October 16, 2006

1050 Rockcrest Drive

Marietta Georgia 30062-3013

Georgia Historical Society

501 Whitaker Street

Savannah, Georgia 31401

October 16, 2006

Dear Ms. Crisp:

In the October 7, 2006 Atlanta Journal and Constitution, I read that the Georgia Historical Society approved a state historical marker for the 1915 lynching of Leo M. Frank in Marietta. I have great concerns regarding this marker especially since Leo M. Frank is still the convicted murderer of my great aunt, Little Mary Phagan.

My family has no objection to anyone expressing their opinions on this case but we do insist organizations such as the Georgia Historical Society preserve history by making sure that the truth and facts are not distorted by groups that “use this case for their own purposes”. Unfortunately, different groups have not told the complete facts regarding the posthumous pardon that was issued to Leo M. Frank on March 11, 1986. The posthumous pardon states:

“In 1983, the State Board of Pardons and Paroles considered a request for a Pardon implying innocence but did not find “conclusive evidence proving beyond any doubt that Frank was innocent.” Such a standard of proof, especially for a 70year-old case, is almost impossible to satisfy.

Without attempting to address the question of quilt or innocence, and in recognition of the State’s failure to protect the person of Leo M. Frank and thereby preserve his opportunity for continued legal appeal of his conviction, and in recognition of the State’s failure to bring his killers to justice, and as an effort to heal old wounds, the State Board of Pardons and Paroles, in compliance with its Constitutional and statutory authority, hereby grants to Leo M. Frank a Pardon.”

Leo M. Frank, is and remains, the convicted murderer of Little Mary Phagan. I am enclosing a copy of the posthumous pardon for your review.

The city of Marietta has a historical marker over the gravesite of Little Mary Phagan. This marker is not the original marker. A group was not happy that the original marker included that the pardon for Leo Frank “did not address his guilt or innocence”. The original marker was taken down and replaced with the current marker that ends with the statement “Leo M. Frank was issued a posthumous pardon in 1986. This is not an accurate fact and distorts history.

I do hope that you consider all the facts if the pardon is part of the state historical maker. I believe that the issue regarding his guilt or innocence in reference to the posthumous pardon is an important fact and is necessary to maintain historical accuracy and should not be omitted in regards to the posthumous pardon. The fact is that Leo M. Frank is still guilty and is the convicted murderer of Little Mary Phagan. I appreciate your consideration in this matter.

Should you have further questions. Please do not hesitate to contact me. I will be out of the country until October 28.

Sincerely,

Mary Phagan-Kean

Mphagank@aol.com

770-977-9490

404-403-8526 Cell

Response from Ms. Crisp: October 25, 2006

Erected 2008 by The Georgia Historical Society, the Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation, and Temple Kol Emeth. (Marker Number 33-1.) It was removed by the Georgia Department of Transportation when road construction at the site made it unsafe for public viewing. Once construction was complete, GDOT created the current green space as a permanent home for the marker.

Leo Frank Lynching Marker image. Click for full size. — Note the last statement: " Without addressing guilt or innocence, and in recognition of the state's failure to either protect Frank or bring his killers to justice, he was granted a posthumous pardon in 1986"

Inscription:

Atlanta, August 23, 2018 – The Georgia Historical Society was honored to join the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), the Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation, and Temple Kol Emeth for a ceremony rededicating the Leo Frank Lynching historical marker at the intersection of Roswell Road and Highway 401 in Marietta today.

ABOUT THE GEORGIA HISTORICAL MARKER PROGRAM
The Georgia Historical Society (GHS) administers Georgia’s historical marker program. Over the past 20 years, GHS has erected over 250 new historical markers across the state on a wide variety of subjects. GHS also maintains the more than 2,100 markers installed by the State of Georgia prior to 1998. Online mapping tools allow users to design driving routes based on historical markers, and a mobile app helps visitors locate and learn about markers nearby.Visit georgiahistory.com for more ways to use Georgia’s historical markers and experience history where it happened.

Index: Final

Word Count: 4944 Words, Reading Time: 17 Minutes

00:00

Mary Frances Phagan Kean

INDEX
A:

ADL, Anti-Defamation League
Alabama, 10-12, 15, 51.

Albers, Amy: Librarian Switzer Library
Albertson Brothers, grocery store, 91.
Alexander, Henry, defense lawyer, 151-152.
Alexander, Miles, lawyer Kilpatrick & Cody, 293.

11 Alive News

Alpin, Elaine Marie
Ambulance Service, Greenberg & Bond, 225.
American Jewish Committee, 237; Atlanta Chapter, 264, 270, 279, 281, 304, 309, 313; see also Frank,
Sherry; Grainick, Bill.
Anderson, W.F., Police officer, 198.

Andrews, Dr. Elaine B: Historian
Anti-Defamation League, 236-237, 271; see also Perimutter, Nathan; Schary, Dave; Atlanta Chapter, 236,
247, 270-272, 279, 281, 287, 304, 309, 313; see also Cantor, Betty; Lewengrub, Stuart; Schwartz, Dale; Wittenstein, Charles.
Anti-Semitism, 24, 42, 61, 209, 299, 312; Anti-Defamation League, 236-237, Dreyfus affair, 142, toward
Frank, 61, 264, 266, 314; alleged prejudice of jurors, 150, after trial, 156-157; Slaton, 175, Watson, 160, 221, 227.
April 26, 1913, xii, 2, 17, 23, 53, 55, 59, 67-69, 71, 85, 89-90, 110-111, 113, 138, 170, 176, 183, 185, 190,
197, 202, 239, 305, 314; see also Confederate Memorial Day.
April 27, 1913, 3, 18-19, 24, 73, 75, 129, 152, 185, 201.
April 28, 1913, 52, 57, 82.

Appeals, 1913, 1914, 1915
Arnold, Benedict, 227.
Arnold, Reuben R., defense counsel, 25, 66, 141-142, 145, 163, 277, 288, 296, Public statement after trial, 149-150.
Atkinson, Justice Samuel C., 287.
Asher, S.L.; testimony of, 143.
Athens, Georgia, 109, 126.
Atlanta, 1, 4-5, 12, 14, 21, 33, 39, 42-45, 111, 115, 226, 243, 256, 258, 302; Archives, 9, 239, 267, 289; Christian Council of Metropolitan Atlanta, 282-283; City Directory, 26-27, 163; Courtroom, 65;
Detectives, 21, 31,60; feelings in Atlanta, 61, 156-157, 173; Jewish Community Center, 261-165,
267, 274, 303; Ku Klux Klan, 234; Lynching, 222, 225; Mob, 171-175, 208-209; Murder Notes, 19, 181, 195-196, Race Riot, 3; Reference to Frank, 116-117, 139, 184, 272; Mrs. Frank,
230; working conditions, 15, 51.
Atlanta Black-Jewish Coalition, 272.
Atlanta Constitution: quoted on defense lawyers, 66; quoted on J.W. Coleman, 145; quoted on Fannie Phagan Coleman, 146; quoted on Conley, 101-102; quoted on alleged letters written by Conley, 153; Leo Frank, 214-215; Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles, 281-282, 302, 308; Ku Klux Klan, 298-299; Little Mary Phagan, 278-279; Night Witch, 239; Celestine Sibley articles, 240-241; Governor Slaton, 166.

Ashford, H.

Atlanta History Center

Atlanta Jewish Committee
Atlanta Jewish Federation, 264, 270, 279, 304, 309; see also Cohen, Gerald.
Atlanta Journal: quoted on defense lawyers, 66; quoted on Fannie Phagan Coleman, 68; quoted on
editorially for new trial for Frank, 157-159; Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles, 281-282, 302,
309; Ku Klux Klan, 298-299; quoted on hair of little Mary Phagan, 151; quoted on little Mary Phagan, 278, 300; quoted on Ollie Mae Phagan, 68-69; quoted on Walter Smith, 154-156.
Atlanta Georgian: quoted on O.B. Keeler, 101, 228-233; quoted on murder suspects, 52-53; new trial,159.
Atlanta Streets: Alabama Street, 92, 125-126, 129; Asby Street, 36, 225; Atlanta Street, 13; Bankhead Avenue, 36; Broad Street, 129; Butler Street, 33; Davis Street, 99; East Georgia Avenue, 117; Forsyth Street, 15, 18, 76, 90-92, 99-100, 120-121, 125-126, 129, 171, 183, 191, 200; Georgia Avenue, 125-126, 129; Hunter Street, 33, 65, 120, 126, 171; Jefferson Street, 29; Kings Highway, 209; Lindsey Street, 13, 22, 68, 105, 146; Marietta Street, 36, 76, 200, 225; Mitchell Street, 91, 99-100, 130, 134; Nelson Street, 90-92, 100, 183, 191; Peachtree Road, 209; Peachtree Street, 261, 294; Peters Street, 99; Primrose Street Southwest, 33; Pryor Street, 65, 131, 134; South
Gordon Street, 249; Washington Street, 126; Whitehall Street, 125-126, 251.

Atlanta Police Department
Augusta Chronicle Herald: quoted on statement of Judge Randall Evans Jr., 287-290.

Autopsy Report
Autrey, B., pallbearer, 20.
B:
“Ballad of Mary Phagan, The,” 6, 37, 41, 48-50, 226.
Baltimore Sun, 167.

Barnes, Roy, Former Governor
Barrett, R.P., 57, 89, 102, 106, 188-189, 198, 217-218.
Basshart, C.J., juror, 66.
Beavers, Chief, 135-136, 189.
Beck, George, Georgia Supreme Court Justice, 151, 287.
Beck & Gregg Hardware Company, 106.
Becker, H.F., 152, 197, 207.
Benjamin, Judah F., 143.

Benjamin, Sol
Benton, Frances "Fannie" (Phagan Coleman), 10.
Benton, Nannie, 11.
Benton, Rell, 11.

Bellevue Hospital Medical College, 165.
Berkshire Hills Sanitorium, 162, 164, see also Judge Leonard Strickland Roan.

Bernstein, Matthew H.

Big Bethel AME Church
Big Rock Jail, 33, see also The Tower.
Bijou Theater, 16, 18.

Bishop, A. A.
Black, John R., city policeman, 56, 76, 82-84, 130-131, 135, 137-138; testimony of, 78-80 Black, W.J., funeral home, 225.

Blackstone, Thomas

Beschloss, Michael

Billboard

Bitemarks

Bloody Fingerprints
Bloomfields Mortuary, 3, 134.
Blue Ridge, Georgia, 48, 225.

B'nai B'rith
Bowden, Henry, 62, 208-209, 216.

Boylston, Albert
Bowman, H.W., Brigadier General, 46-47.

Bradley, Terrence
Brent, T.Y.: testimony of 142-143.

Bremen Museum
Bricker, Lutter Ottebein, 61.
Brief of Evidence, 9, 50.
Brown, Joseph M., Governor of Georgia, 2, 165, 169, 172, 174; see also Marietta Delegation Brown, Wallace E., 162, 165.
Brown, Mrs. Wallace E., 163.Burdette Earle, 122.

Brown, Jason Robert

Brown, Joseph Mackey

Brown, Tom Watson

Brown, Yellow Jacket

Brumby, Bolan B.

Brumby, Jim
Burke, Superintendent of Milledgeville Prison, 222.
Burns, William, 152-153, 219.
Burns Detective Agency, 156, 160.

Burton, Emmett

Burton, Luther
Busch, Francis X.: Guilty or Not Guilty, 239

Butler, Gloria

Butler, Ralph, pallbearer, 20.
C:
Campbell, Wade, 108, 115, 118; testimony of, 106.

Campbell, T. J.

Canadian Livent, Inc.
Canton, Georgia, 225, 244.
Cantor, Betty, 238; see also Atlanta Chapter of Anti-Defamation League.
Capitalist, 25-26, 227.
Carbine, Bill, reporter for Marietta Daily Journal, 297.
Carson, E.M., testimony of, 12.
Carson, John, 37, 48-50, 226; see also The Ballad of Mary Phagan.
Carson, Rebecca: testimony of, 112.

Carr, Chris: Attorney General Georgia

Carst, Maie
Carter, Annie Maud, 152-153, 195-196, 207, 219, 279; see also Conley, James "Jim".

Carter, Joe

Cato, Myrtle
Casey, Pat, photographer Nashville Tennessean, 298.
CBS: Dan Rather, 302.

Censorship

Census Report: 1910, 1930
Chambers, Phillip, 198, 219.
Charleston, South Carolina, 1, 4, 6, 11.

Chesshire, Skip, Metro Marietta Kiwanis

Chicago, Illinois, 4, 39-40, 227, 236.
Clark, Emma (Freeman), 97, 102, 115, 122-123, 183, 187, 191-192; testimony of, 106.
Clark Woodenware Company, 133.
Clarke, Edward Y., 235; see also Ku Klux Klan.

Clay, Chuck
Clay, Herbert, 165, 167.
Clayton, Cassandra, reporter for WXIA, 246.

Clofine, Michael D.
Cobb County, Georgia, 10, 15, 165, 208, 222, 225-226, 23—232 [sic], 243, 277, 304, 324; Courthouse, 233; Democratic Executive Committee, 168, Cobb Energy Performing Center
Coffee, General, 10.

Cohen, John S.
Cohen, Gerald, 264; see also Atlanta Jewish Federation.

Cold Case Lynching Law

Cohn, Norman
Coleman, Billie, 32.
Coleman, Mrs. Frances "Fannie" (Benton, Phagan), mother, 2-3, 12-13, 16-18, 24, 32-37, 63; marriage to J.W. Coleman, 14; return to Georgia, 11, 51; funeral of little Mary, 20-23, testimony of, 23, 67-68; vow of silence, 7, 31, 68; quoted on statement to Atlanta Constitution reporter after verdict, 146; suit against National Pencil Company, 237, Letter to Tom Watson
Coleman, J.W., 32, 36; funeral of little Mary, 22; inquest 63; quoted on statement to Atlanta Constitution reporter after verdict, 145, Letter to Tom Watson
Collier’s Weekly, 157, 239.

Confederate Memorial Day, xii, 2, 17, 36, 59, 86, 200, 249-251.
Conley, James "Jim", 42, 53, 58, 146, 149, 164, 232, 271; affidavits, 60, 181-183, 190-197, 218-219; allegations of
immoral behavior of Frank, 115, 150-151; alleged confessions, 153-154, 279-281, 238; alleged letters to Annie Maud Carter, 153; bloody fingerprints, 220; body to basement, 63, 67, 185-187,289; excrement, 169, 185; Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles, 302-303, 305, 307, 309, 312; Alonzo Mann, 244, 246, 248-256, 264, 285-286; William Joshua Phagan, Jr., 28-32; reputation,112-114, 138-139, 141-142, 202; Slaton, 179, 216; testimony of, 89-101, 104; reference to by witnesses, 88; Watson, 218-219.
Conder, Sherry, librarian Georgia State and Archives, 267 Cowart, Merritt, reporter for Marietta Daily Journal, 297. Connolly, C.P.: The Truth About the Frank Case, 239

Conviction Integrity Unit (CIU)

Coroner's Inquest

COVID-19

Cowsert, Bill: Chairman, Senate Committee

Cox, Kathy: Dean of Mercer Law School

Coylar, A.S.

Craven, Roy.

Creen, William, 213.
Cross, 120.
Curtis Drug Store, 91.
D:
Dadie, Jane, 163.

Daniels, George
Dalton, C.B., 100, 113, 115, 138-139, 142; testimony of, 88-89.
Darley, N.V., 72, 82, 92-93, 115, 118-119, 129, 132-134, 180, 198.

Davis, Mary

Davis, Dr. Marni

Deal, Nathan, Governor of Georgia

Deaton, Stan: Historian

Defendents Exhibit 48

Defense Team Theory

Defore, H.M.
Deham, Harry, 102, 121, 123-125, 127, 201; testimony of, 107.

Dewberry, Glen

Dictograph
Dinnerstein, Leonard: The Leo Frank Case, 239.

Dobbs, E. P., Marietta Mayor

Dobbs, L.S., sergeant of police, 24, 56, 198; testimony of, 73-75.

Dolezal, Greg, Vice-Chairman Senate Committee

Donehoo, Paul

Donegan, Mrs. C.B.
Dorsey, Hugh M., 25, 108, 142, 146, 151, 155, 186, 216, 296; Chief Prosecutor, 66, 75, 80, 102, 140;
County Solicitor, 2, 59-62, indictment against Frank, 64; later career, 238; motion for new trial,150, 160; Slaton, 169; summation of jury, 143-144.

Dorsey, Jasper

Dorsey, John Tucker

Dreyfus, Alfred, 142.
Dukehart, Bernie, 246-247.

Duncan, Geoff: Lt. Governor Georgia

Dunphy, Joan
E:
Eagan, John, 209.
East Cobb Neighbor: quoted, 263-265.
East Point, Georgia, 12, 21.

Elevator Shaft

Eliott, Joel

Ellis, Bob: Fulton County Commissioner

Epps, George Jr, 151, 200.

Epstein, Jeffrey

Esteves, Jason
Eubanks, 118.
Europe, 157, 227; see also Frank, Leo; Watson, Tom.
Evans, Beverly, Georgia Supreme Court Justice, 287.
Evans, Judge Randall Jr., 291, 296-297; quoted from Augusta Chronicle Herald, 287-290; quoted, 299 Exposition. Cotton Mills, 36.

Excrement

Exodus of Jews

Exoneration
F:

Fair Trial

February, G.C.

Felder, Colonel Thomas B

Ferguson, Helen, 18, 58, 105-106; testimony of, 86

Fields, Dr. Edward, 297; see also Ku Klux Klan
Fish, Georgia Supreme Court Justice, 151, 287

Flagpole

Fletcher, Norman, Former Court Chief Justice
Florence, Alabama, 10-11
Flournoy, Bob, Mayor of Marietta, 297

Flowers, R. Barri
Foote, Walter W., 209
Formby, Nina, 151
Forrest, N.B., General, 234-235; see also Ku Klux Klan
Forsyth County, Georgia, 316; see also Ku Klux Klan
Frank, Charles, brother, 214-215
Frank, Leo, 3, 10, 23, 25, 27-31, 35, 45, 52, 67-68, 75, 82, 86, 88, 102-104, 106-109, 112, 114-115, 144-146, 149, 154-155, 163, 166-169, 172, 176, 189, 197, 200-201, 206, 210, 216, 220, 231-232, 238-239, 243, 258, 260-261, 294-295; Anti-Defamation League, 236-237, 287; behavior, 56-57, 76-
78, 80-81, 84-85, 109-110, 177, 179, 182; Jim Conley, 89-101, 182-183, 185-188; affidavits of Conley, 190, 195; Coroner’s Inquest, 59-60, 199; change of venue, 25, 173; dying wish, 228, 230; indictment, 62-64; Jewish, 24-25, 61, 142-143, 159, 175, 227, 262-265; Judicial, 150-152, 156, 160-162, 203-205, 207-208, 221, 288-290; Ku Klux Klan, 233-235, 287, 297-298; Newt Lee, 53- 58, 69-73, 79-80, 83-84, 177-178, lynching of, 9, 222-226; Alonzo Mann, 244-257; Milledgeville Prison, 27, 170, 211-215, 233, 277, 304, 314; Morgue, 77, 79, 178; Posthumous
Pardon, 269-271, 274-283, 286, 290, 296-297, 300-303, 309-310, 311-316; pre-trial statement,105; sentence of, 148; Slaton’s Commutation, 171-208; trial of, 65-147; X-rays of teeth, 59, 87, keys

Frank, Lucille (Selig), wife, 24, 63-65, 68-69, 78, 86, 110, 117, 125, 130, 147, 179, 214, 222, 230, 237, 245, Obituary

Frank, Moses, uncle, 111, 129, 139
Frank, Mrs. Rhea, mother, 68, 213-214; testimony of, 110
Frank, Sherry, 264, 281, 292; see also American Jewish Committee

Freeman, Emma Clark

Freshman, Clark, thesis
Frey’s Gin Mill, 224, 233

Frey, W. J.

Foster, J.Z.
Freeman, Negro prisoner, 153
Fuller, J.D., Reverend, 10

Freshman, Clark
Fulton Bag Mills, 294

Fulton County Board of Ethics
Fulton County, Georgia, 36, 66, 208, 288

Fulton County Opens Records Request

Fulton Tower
Fuss, Julia: testimony of, 114
G:

Gann, Gordon
Gantt, J.M., 54-55, 57, 63, 70-71, 83, 85, 128-129, 177; testimony of, 80-81.
Georgia, 4, 7-8, 11-13, 16, 21, 25, 27, 36, 39, 115, 149, 156-157, 162, 165-167, 170-172, 175, 202, 210, 213, 227-278, 236, 299-300, 304, 306, 309, 315

Gantt, W. N.

Generational Trauma

Georgia Appeals Court

Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles, 246, 268, 270, 273-275, 278-279, 281-282, 286, 290-294, 296-297, 299-303; decision, 304-307, 309, 311-316; see also Howell, Mobley; Moore, Silas; Morris, James; Reese, Mamie; Snow, Wayne Jr., Wing, Mike.

Georgia Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans

Georgia Historical Society
Georgia National Guard, 158.
Georgia Prison Commission, 162-165, 204-205, 207, 211.
Georgia State Capital, 2, 278, 302, 313.
Georgia State House, 273.
Georgia State Senate, 273-278.

Georgia State Legislatures
Georgia State University, 239, 257-258.
Georgia Superior Court, 156, 289, 304.
Georgia Supreme Court, 151, 156, 161, 173, 175, 203-204, 207, 276, 280, 288-290, 295, 306; cases: Euband V Barber, 290; Grubb V Bullock, 290.
Georgians, 2, 39, 160, 167-168, 272, 299, 314.

Gershon, A.

Gheesling, W.H., funeral director, 24, 78, 87, 131.
Gilroy, Brent, reporter for Marietta Daily Journal, 281.

Giuliani, Rudy

Glover, James Bolan
Golden, Harry: A Little Girl Is Dead, 61, 239.

Goldman, David

Goldring
Goldfarb Library, 265.

Goldstein, Max

Gooch, Steve
Gordon, George, 58, 139.
Gottheimer, Harry, 120.
Grady Hospital, 143.
Graham, E.K., 122, 139.

Grand Jury
Grand Theater, 16.
Grant Building, 26-27.
Graves, 108-109.

Greene, Marjorie Taylor: Georgia Representative

Greene, Ward

Greenblatt, Jonathan, ADL
Griffin, Georgia, 47.

Griffin, Maggie
Griffith, D.W.: The Birth of a Nation, 235; see also Ku Klux Klan.

Grutatowsky, Jacob D.

Guthman, Albert A.
H:
Haas, Herbert, defense lawyer, 57, 66, 79-80, 83, 111, 277, 288.
Haas, Leonard, defense lawyer, 277, 288.
Hall, Corinthia, 97, 102, 115, 122-123, 183, 191-192; testimony of, 106.
Hall, Mattie, 115, 120-123; testimony of, 106.

Hall, Hattie

Haney, Lawrence

"Hang the Jew"

Hardy, Horace
Harris, Dr. F.H., 177, 188, 198, 207, 210, 213, 217-219; testimony of, 86-87

Harris, Joseph Frank, Governor of Georgia, 273, 282, 297.
Harris, Nathaniel, Governor of Georgia, 157, 168, 234.
Hart, John J., 208.

Hastings, Andrea

Hatchett, Bo

HB 1555

Hearst, William Randolph
Henry, 1, 4, 42.
Henslee, A.H., juror, 66, 150.
Henson, Allen Lumpkin: Confessions of a Criminal Lawyer, 154, 239.

Hertzberg, Steven

Hicks, George
Higdon, J.F., juror, 66.
High Park, Massachusetts, 116.
Hill, Judge Ben, 15, 288.
Hill, Georgia Supreme Court Justice, 287.

Hill, Robert A.

Historical Evidence

Historical Marker

Hixon, Annie

Hix, Grace

Hoaxes
Hollis, W.T., 105.

Howard, Clark

Howard, Paul, Fulton County District Attorney

Howell, Dewey
Holloway, E.F., 93, 100, 115, 117, 121, 180; testimony of, 102-103.
Holmes, Justice Oliver Wendell, 161, 169, 213; see also United States Supreme Court

Holocaust, 272.

Hood, J.
Hooper, Frank Arthur, assistant prosecutor, 66-67.
Hopkins, Daisy, 88, 114, 139; testimony of, 113.
Hopkins, Stiles, defense lawyer, 66.

Howard, William Schley

Howell, Mobley, 246, 273, 278, 300-301, 307; see also Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles

Howell, Robert E. Lee, 227.
Hughes, Justice Charles Evans, 161; see also United States Supreme Court.
Hurt, Dr. J.W.; 219; testimony of 86-87.
I:
Illinois, 235

Indiana, 235

Irvington, Indiana, 236 Irby, 115, 117

Israel Today, 274.
J:
Jacobs, Mr. & Mrs., 46-47.
Jacobs, Robert, 46.

Jackson, Irene
Jefferson, Thomas, 171.
Jeffersonian, The, 159, 208, 221, 227, 289; see also Watson, Tom.
Jeffries, W.N., juror, 66.
Jewish, 44-46, 52, 99; Community, 260, 288-289, 315, 1921 Jewish Year Book

Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation

Jewish American Revisionists

Johening, M., juror, 66, 150.

Jones II, Harold

Jones, Ivy

Jones, Irene
Jones, Richard, Colonel 62nd Troop Carrier, 47 Jurors, 65-66, 150, 203, 221.

Jordan, Jim: House Judiciary Committee Chairman
K:
Kean, Bernard, 241-243, 261, 265, 267, 302.
Keeler, George: quoted, 232-233.
Keeler, O.B., 101; quoted from Georgian, 228-233.
Kendley, George, 142.
Kennedy, Magnolia: testimony of, 106, 217.

Kennedy, John F.

Kimball House

Kirby, Joe: editor of Marietta Daily Journal

Klinger, Jerry

Kloer, Phil
Kilpatrick & Cody law firm, 294; see also Alexander, Miles.

Kitchens, Mamie

Kinney, Bill
Knights of Mary Phagan, 27, 213, 215, 221, 234, 271-272, 298-299, 316.

Kodack
Kraus, Adolph, 237; see also Anti-Defamation League.
Kuhn, Chris, producer WRFG, 267.
Ku Klux Klan, 27, 236, 238, 260, 287, 295, 298, 316; beginnings, 234-235; Grand Wizard, 235; Nashville,
Tennessee, 234; modern beginnings, 235-236; New Order of Knights, 282, 297; see also Clarke, Edward Y.; Griffith, D.W.; Fields, Dr. Edward; Forrest, N.B.; Oberholtzer, Madge; Simmons,William J.; Stephenson, David C.; Tyler, Elizabeth.
L:
Lakewood Amusement Park, 16

Langford, C.
Lanford, Newport, Chief of detectives, 72, 133-135, 193-194.

Lane, Jeffrey

Lash, Michael, Member of Citizen Review Board

Lasker, Albert

Detective R. M. Lassiter

Lawson, Judge Hugh

Lawson, Mickey

Lebow, Rabbi Steven
Lee, Mildred, 211.
Lee, Newt, night watchman, 60, 132, 134-135; arrest, 57-58; bloody shirt, 62, 80; discovery of body, 3, 19, 176; conversation with Frank, 83-85, 127-129, 137-138; indictment of, 64; reference to by witnesses, 74-76, 79-81; Slaton, 176-178; testimony of 53-56, 69-73.
Lee, Robert E., 211, 229.

Lee, Tim

Lehon, Dan
Levy, A.P.: testimony of, 109.
Lewengrub, Stuart, 238, 247, 281, 287; see also Atlanta Chapter of Anti-Defamation League

Liddell, Drew

Lindemann, Albert S.

Linkous, T.T.G., Reverend, 20-22.

Loeb, Cohen, 109.
Loeb, Julian, 109, 126.

Longsworth, Laura

Loterman, Ben, Producer
Lovenhard, H.C., 150.
Lumpkin, Georgia Supreme Court Justice, 287.Lyons, 119.

Lupiani, Joyce
Lynching: of Frank, 7, 9, 27, 212-233; in South, 30.
M:

MacLean, Nancy
Macon, Georgia, 27, 39, 45, 170, 212.

MacWorth, W.D.
Maddox, Robert F., 209.

Malfeasances

Mamet, David

Mangum, C.W.
Maine, 235.
Mann, Alonzo, 117, 122, 260-262, 264-267, 271, 273, 275, 277, 279, 281, 283, 289, 293, 295, 296, 298, 302-303, 305-309, 311; affidavit, 244-257; Army, 256, 285; Atlanta, 305; interview with Mary Phagan, great-niece, 283-286; Then and Now, Pinkerton Report, Travels see also Nashville Tennessean.
Mann, Bob, nephew, 260.
Mann, Hattie, McClendon, mother, 247.

Manning, Judge
Marietta, Georgia, 11-13, 15, 18, 27, 38, 51, 208-209, 222-224, 230, 232-233, 242, 249, 263, 282, 297

Marietta City Cemetery, 3, 223.

Marietta City Park and Tourism Committee
Marietta Daily Journal, 281, 297-298; see also Carbine, Bill; Cowart, Merritt; Gilroy, Brent.

Marietta Kiwanis Club

Marietta City Council
Marietta Delegation, 169; see also Brown, Joseph M.
Marietta Streets: Mars Mill, 10; Powder Springs Road, 12, 297; Polk Street, 229, 233; Roswell Road, 223-224, 264.
Marietta Square, 11-13, 15, 27, 223, 233, 297.

Marietta Rotary Club

Marshall, Louis

Martinez, Edecio
Martz, Ron, reporter for Atlanta Journal, 278, 283, 299-300.
Marx, Rabbi David, 143, 147.
Mastandrea, Frances (Petullo), 4.
Matthews, W.H., 105.
Matthews, 120.
McAlister, Durwood, editor of Atlanta Journal, 298-299.
McCord, Jefferson Davis, 209.
McCoskrie, Roland K., Commanding Officer 7th Troop Carrier, 46-47.
McCrary, 115.

McKinney, William
McKnight, Albert, 107, 151; testimony of, 86.

McAfee, Scott: Fulton County Judge

McCrary, Truman Max
McKnight, Minola, 58, 63-64, 86, 124, 126, 139; testimony of, 107-109.
McNaughton, J.W., 213.

Medcalf, W.F., juror, 66.

Merchant, Ashleigh

Michael, Jerome, 109.

Michael, M.G.: testimony of, 109.
Mickle, 126.
Milledgeville, Georgia, 212-213.
Milledgeville Prison Farm, 27, 170, 212-215, 233, 277, 304, 317; see also Frank, Leo

Miller, John

Miller, Zell, Governor of Georgia

Minor, Plennie

Mobs, 172-173; see also Slaton Commutation Order, June, 1915.
Montag, Adolph, 52, 82, 84, 90-92, 102, 105-106, 119-121, 194.
Montag, Sig, 111, 120.
Montgomery, Bob, reporter for Atlanta Journal, 154.
Moore, Silas, 274-276, 279, 295, 302, 311, 313; see also Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles Morris, James, 300, 311; see also Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles.

Morris, Andy
Morris, Judge Newt A., 167-168, 225.
Mt. Carmel Cemetery, 225.

Mullinax, Arthur

Myers, Robert
N:
NAACP, 237.
Nashville Tennessean, 245-246, 257, 259-262, 264, 266, 283-284, 292-293, 298, 305; see also Mann, Alonzo; Ritter, Frank; Roberts, Sandra; Sherborne, Robert; Seigenthaler, John; Thompson, Jerry National Cemetery, 225, Nashville Tennessean on Trial

Nation of Islam (NOI)
National Meter Company, 116.
National Pencil Company, 2, 12, 14-15, 17-18, 26, 36, 42, 51, 53, 56, 60, 67, 69, 82, 85, 88, 114, 120, 130, 170, 237, 247, 264, 305.

NBC, miniseries
Neely, Edgar, 272-273, 296.

Negroes

New York, 52, 227, 288; Adirondacks 210;

New York City Center

New York Sun

New York Times, 157, 302.

Nevin, James

Night Witch

Nix, D.J.
North, 26, 141, 156-157, 167, 227, 231, 235-236, 314.
North Adams, Massachusetts, 162-165.
Northerner, 25-26, 52, 156-157.

Norville, Deborah
Notes: murder, 19, 56, 75, 181, 195-196; see also Conley, Jim; Phagan, little Mary.
O:
Oberholtzer, Madge, 235; see also Ku Klux Klan

Ochs, Adolph

Oklahoma, 235.

Oney, Steve
Orr, J.K., 209.

Ossoff, John, Senator Georgia
Ozburn, J.T., juror, 66.
P:

Pandemic
Pappernheimer, 129

Parade, musical

Park Point University Pittsburg

PBS: Public Broadcast System

Peach Buzz

Pettis, Nellie

Peters, Steve
Petullo, Frank, 40.
Phagan, William Jackson, grandfather, 10-13, 18-19, 21-22, 32, 242; wife of, Angelina O’Shields Phagan,10, 242; children of, William Joshua, 10-11, 36; Haney McMellon, 10; Charles Joseph, 10, 16; Rueben Egbert, 10, 12; John Marshall, 10; George Nelson, 10; John Harvell, 10; Mattie Louise,
10, 12; Billie Arthur, 10; Dora Ruth, 10, 12.
Phagan, William Joshua, father, 10-11, 36.
Phagan, Benjamin Franklin, brother, 10, 14, 22, 36.
Phagan, Ollie Mae, sister, 10, 14, 22, 24, 35, 68.
Phagan, William Joshua, Jr., brother, 5, 11, 14, 22, 24, 35, 37, 258, 263, 294, 300, 302; Jim Conley, 28-31

Phagan, Little Mary, 43-45, 51-53, 57-60, 62, 152-154, 160, 165, 169-170, 173, 177-178, 180, 182-183,185-186, 188, 190, 192, 194-196, 199-202, 207, 220, 226, 235-239, 258-260, 263-265, 269, 277-281, 283-286, 289, 292, 295, 301-303, 309-313; Adrial Class of First Christian Bible School, 17;
Ballad of, 6, 37, 41, 48-50, 226; Bellwood, 14, 36, 61; Blood spots, 57, 89, 102, 106-107, 188, 218; Bloomfields mortuary, 3, 134; China dolls, 13; body description, 24, 31, 73-75, 78, 87, 176, 219; Christian Friends of, 282; Confederate Memorial Day, xii; discovery of body, 56; English Avenue Street Car, 2, 36, 105; First Christian Church, 17, 61; funeral of, 20-24; German Silver mesh bag, 3, 17, 36; hair of, 57, 106, 151, 180, 188, 207, 217-218; inscription on tombstone, xi;
Knights of Mary Phagan, 27, 213, 215, 221, 234, 271-272, 298-299, 316; lynching of Frank, 222-224; Marietta City Cemetery, 3, 22; Alonzo Mann, 245-257; murder notes, 19, 195-196; story of by James E. Phagan, 1-42; postcard written to mother, 13; Remember Mary Phagan, 287, 296- 300; retraction of witnesses, 151; Second Baptist Church, 20-21; Sibley articles, 240-241; Sleeping Beauty, 17; trial of Leo Frank, 66-147; Posthumous Pardon of Leo Frank, 304-307, 314-315, Smearing of Mary Phagan, Marker Change, 2016 Marker, Little Mary Phagan Day

Pearlberg, Van, Assistant District Attorney
Phagan, Lizzie, aunt, 3, 10, 12-13, 17, 21, 240.
Phagan, Lily, cousin, 12, 17.
Phagan, Willie, cousin, 12, 16-17
Phagan Durham, John, cousin, 240-241, 247.
Phagan, James Edward, nephew, 50, 246-247, 259, 263, 274, 291, 299, 304, 313, 316; story of little Mary, 1-42; Alaska, 40; Air Force Bases, Charleston AFB, South Caroline [sic], 6; Chanute AFB, Illinois, 40; Hickam AFB, Hawaii, 7, 41; Larson AFB, Washington, 40, 45; Tachikawa AFB, Japan, 7,
41; Warner-Robbins AFB, Georgia, 39, 45; Atlanta Journal, 299-300; Color Guard, 45-46; letter to Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles, 276-278; letter from Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles, 275; meeting with Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles, 294-296, 300-301, 312;
Individual Flying Safety Award, 6; Korea, 7; Military Air Transport, 1608, 41; 17th, 41; 1503, 41;
62nd, 41, 46-47; 7th Troop Carrier, 46-47; U.S. Navy, U.S.S. Major DE796, 38-39; U.S.S. Fieberling DE640, 38-39; rebuttal to editorial opinion, 310; research at Emory University, 257-258; Celestine Sibley, 240-241 State Capital Building, 302; Tennessean staff, 298.
Phagan, Annabelle, 29-30, 38.
Phagan, Mary, great-niece: discovery of relationship, 1-42; American Jewish Committee, 293-294;
Atlanta Jewish Community Center, 261-263; Cherokee County, 243-244; Emory University, 257; Flagler College, 47; Florida State, 47; at grave, xi, xii, 241-242; Griffin CESA, 47, 240, 243; Georgia, Board of Pardons and Paroles, 268-270, 274, 291-292, 294-296, 300-302, 304, 311-313; letter to Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles, 276-278; letter from Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles, 275; Alonzo Mann interview, 283-286; Ron Martz article, 283, 299-300; Durwood McAlister, 298-299; nightmare, 44, 310, Sandra Roberts letters, 257-258, 265-268; Celestine Sibley, 240-241, Tennessean staff, 259-261, 292-293.
Phagan, Phyllis, great-niece, 40.
Phagan, James Edward Jr., great-nephew, 41.
Phagan, Michael, great-nephew, 41, 44, 263, 265.
Phagans, 10, 12, 27, 31, 35-36, 38-39, 42, 68, 240-241, 247, 258-259, 262, 268-270, 274-275, 278, 283-
286, 291, 293-296, 300-301, 316; lynching of Frank, 222.

Phagan Family Position Paper

Phagan Family Newsletter Collection, Seeking Justice for Little Mary Phagan, Newsletters #2-14

Phelps, C.T., 165.
Pickett, 108-109.
Piedmont Park, 38.
Pinkerton National Detective Agency, 82-83, 141, 160.
Pirk, Mary: testimony of, 112-113.

Plants; Planted

Plott, Monte
Police, 58, 60, 138, 160, 178, 193; see also Anderson, Black, John R.; Beavers, Chief; Dobbs, L.S.; Lanford, Newport; Rogers, W.W.; Starnes, J.N.

Political bullying
Portland, Oregon, 38, 235.
Potts, W.T., pallbearer, 20.
Powell, Arthur: I Can Go Home Again, 211, 239; quoted, 280-281.

Pride, Arthur

Profile in Courage

Pretrial Statements
Q:
Quinn, Lemmie, 93, 107, 115, 124, 194, 201; testimony of, 106.
R:

Racism, Racist

Raffensperger, Brad: Secretary of State Georgia
Ragsdale, C.B., 160

Railroad: N.C. & S.L., 15

Ratledge, Curt

Reconstruction, 11, 234.

Redmon, Melissa, Director of University of Georgia Law School
Reese, Mamie, 300; see also Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles.
Richards, Mary, 14, 51.
Ricker, Dr. W.L., 150.
Ritter, Frank, Managing editor of Nashville Tennessean, 292-293, 296, 298.
Roan, Judge Leonard, 25, 65, 115, 140, 144-146, 148-150, 162, 170, 203, 207, 220-221; letter to Rosser, 163-165, 204-205.
Robb, Thom, Reverend, 297.
Roberts, Sandra, librarian Nashville Tennessean, 257-258, 265-268, 293, 296.

Robinson, L.B.

Robinson, Ruth

Rockoff, Stuart
Rogers, W.W. (Boots), 56, 62, 72-73, 130-131, 134, 200; testimony of, 76-78.

Rosengarten, Theodore

Rose, Richard, President, Atlanta NAACP
Rosser, Luther Z., chief defense counsel, 25-26, 57, 66, 73, 79, 84, 101, 135-136, 141, 145, 155, 163, 168, 216, 277, 288; public statement, 149-150. Rosser, Brandon, Slaton, and Phillips, 26-27, 168.

Rowan, Michael
S:
Samuels, Charles and Louise: Night Fell on Georgia, 239.
Schary, Dave, 236; see also Anti-Defamation League.
Schiff, Herbert, 86, 115, 119, 121, 124, 127, 217-219; testimony of, 105.
Schwartz, Dale, 270-271, 273-274, 279, 281, 307-308; see also Atlanta Chapter of Anti-Defamation League.
Scott, Harry A., Pinkerton detective, 79, 135, 137-138, 160, 189, 193, 196; testimony of, 82-85.

Schuster, Stephen, Former Cobb County Superior Court Chief Judge

Scuttle Hole
Sears, Managing editor of Atlanta Constitution, 240.

Sears, Leah Ward, Former Supreme Court Justice

Secrecy

Sedor, Colin, reporter for WXIA, 244.

Seeking Justice
Seigenthaler, John, publisher Nashville Tennessean, 265-268, 292-293, see also Mann, Alonzo

Selig, Mrs., mother-in-law, 63, 107, 109-110.
Selig, Mr., father-in-law, 110, 126, 136, 178; testimony of, 109.
Seligs, 86, 107-108, 117, 125, 178.

Senate Special Committe

Sessions, Moultrie

Sexual deviant/degenerate/pervert/pedophile

Shafer, David

Shafran, Rabbi Ari

Shaw, J.F.

Shaw, Kuhn
Sherman, William T., 223.
Sherborne, Robert, reporter for Nashville Tennessean, 256, 262, 264-265, 268, 283, 292-293, 298, 305;
see also Mann, Alonzo McClendon.

Sheats, C.

Shit in the Shaft
Sibley, Celestine, reporter for Atlanta Constitution, 240-241, miniseries, book review
Sibley, Samuel, 208.

Simmons, Howard, Jewish Times
Simmons, William J., 234-235; see also Ku Klux Klan.
Slaton, John Marshall, Governor of Georgia, 26-27, 155, 157, 162, 209-210, 215-220, 225, 227, 239, 276-277, 280-281, 288-289, 301-302, 304-308, 314; California and Civic League, 226; Commutation order, 166-208; Congress of Governors, 174; letter to Cousin, 210-211; Mobs, 172-175; racial prejudice against Frank, 175; State Assessor’s Association, 226.Small, Dora: testimony of, 114.
Smith, Dr. Claude, 86, 189.

Smith, Carrie
Smith, Frederic V.L., juror, 66.
Smith, Hoke, 159.
Smith, James T., Warder Milledgeville Prison, 211-213, 222.
Smith, Mattie, 92, 119.
Smith, Walter, son of William Smith, 154.
Smith, William, lawyer of Conley, 114, 154-155, 279.
Snow, Wayne Jr., 308, 311-312, 315, see also Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles.
Sonn, Dr., 143.
South, 2, 4, 16, 25, 28, 30, 41, 50, 52, 116-117, 141, 167, 227, 234-235, 288

Southern, 50, 156-157.
Southerns, 50, 52, 157.
Spruell, L.M., pallbearer, 20.
Stanford, Mell, 218; testimony of, 89.
Starnes, J.N., city officer, 56, 62, 130, 132, 136-137, 189, 201; testimony of, 75-76

Stephens, Edward A., Assistant Solicitor General, 66.
Stephenson, David C., 235; see also Ku Klux Klan.

Stephens, George Jr.
Stone Mountain, 234-235; see also Ku Klux Klan.
Stokes, 209.
Stover, Monteen, 59-60, 64, 67, 93, 104, 179-180, 194, 199-201, 220; testimony of 85-86

Strauss, L., 111, 143.
Sturtevant Company, 116.

Sukalac, Thomas

Swanson, George
T:
Tallahassee, Florida, 47.

Teasley Office
Tennessee, 244.
Thompson, Jerry, reporter for Nashville Tennessean, 244, 256, 260, 262, 264-265, 268, 283, 292, 305; see also Mann, Alonzo.
Thunderbolt, The, 287, 296, see also Fields, Dr. Edward.

Thompson, Henry: Cobb County Superior Court Judge
Tillander, U., 115, 139.

Tillery, Blake
Tippens, LeRoy, 244.
Tobie, C.W. 160.

Today Show
Tower, The Fulton, 35, 57, 60, 147, 158, 170, 212, 229; see also Frank, Leo.
Townsend, D., juror, 66.

Trial Transcript
Troutman, Laura, 209.

Trump, Donald
Turman, Pollard, 209.
Turner, Lana: They Won’t Forget, 38.

Turner, Willie

Twitter/X, Community Notes
Tyler, Elizabeth, 235; see also Ku Klux Klan.
Typhoid Fever, 15.
U:

Uhry, Alfred

United States Senate, 2, 167, 238.
United States Supreme Court, 161, 167, 169, 207, 213; see also Holmes, Justice Oliver Wendall; Hughes, Justice Charles Evans.

University of Georgia
Urssenback, C.F., brother-in-law, 111, 125.
US Magazine, 302.
V:
Van Paassen, Pierre: To Number Our Days, 87, 239

Vigilance Committee

Virginia, 245.
W:

Wade, Jocelyn

Wade, Nathan

Wallace, Mrs. Mary F.

Walker, Larry

War Between the States, (Civil War), 2, 10, 11, 15-16, 25, 50, 156, 167.
Washington Post, 302.
Watson, Tom, 2, 159-160, 162, 168, 208, 215, 227, 237, 239, 289; Populist Party, 159; review of Slaton’s Commutation, 215-221, Watson’s Magazine, 159, 215.

Website, littlemaryphagan.com
Webster, Daniel, 144.

Weinstein, Harvey

Wikipedia

Williams, Ross

Willis, Fani, Fulton County District Attorney
White, Arthur, 102, 121-125, 127.
White, Mrs. J.R., 105-106, 112, 115, 121, 123-124, 201; testimony of, 81-82.

Whitfield, L.P.

White Privilege
Windburn, F.E., juror, 66.

Winkle, Estelle
Wing, Michael, 268-270, 274, 279, 291, 294-296, 300, 307, 312; see also Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles.
Wiseby, A.L., juror, 66.

Wittenstein, Charles

Wittenstein, Robert

Woldenberg
Wolf, Simon, 214.
Wolfsheimer, Hennie, 109, 126.
Wolfsheimer, Mrs. Hennie, 126.

World Health Organization: WHO

Wood, Alice
Wood, Nellie: testimony of, 126.
Wood, John, 225.

Woodenware, Clark
Woodruff Library, 257-258.
Woodward, James, Mayor of Atlanta, 226.
Woodward, M.S., juror, 66.
Y:
Yeomans, Jasper, 247.
Youngblood, Sue, 244.
END OF INDEX

Download PDF Version of Index

Selected Bibliography: Final

Word Count: 1644 Words, Reading Time: 6 Minutes

00:00

Selected Bibliography

Mary Phagan

P.O. Box 2375

801 Industrial Blvd.

Ellijay, GA 30540-9998

Selected Bibliography

NEWSPAPERS:

The Atlanta Journal and Constitution [AJC] 1982-2024

The Atlanta Constitution [AC] 1913 - 1982.

The Atlanta Georgian [AG]913 - 1915.

The Atlanta Journal [AJ]1913 - 1983.

The Baltimore Morning Sun, 1913 - 1915.

East Cobb Neighbor, 1982.

The Jeffersonian, 1913 - 1915.

The Marietta Daily Journal [MDJ1986 - 2024.

The Marietta Daily Journal and Courier (weekly edition) 1913 - 1915.

The Nashville Tennessean, 1982 - 1988.

The New York Times, [NYT]1913 - 1915.

The Thunderbolt, 1983 - 1988.

Washington Post, [WP]1982.

Watson's Magazine [WM]1912-1917

LEGAL SOURCES:

American State Trials, Volume X, John Davidson Lawson, 1918.

Brief - In the Supreme Court of Georgia, Fall Term, 1913, Leo M. Frank, Plaintiff in Error vs. State of Georgia, Defendant in Error: In Error from Fulton County Superior Court at the July Term, 1913: Brief of Evidence

(The original stenographic transcript of the trial is missing. Both the prosecution and defense certified that the 'Brief of Evidence' was an accurate account of the proceedings at the trial. The Brief does not have any of the questions asked.)

Georgia Appeals, 1913-1915.

MANGUM - U.S. Supreme Court, FRANK v. MANGUM, 237 U.S. 309 (1915), LEO M. FRANK, Appellant v. C. WHEELER MANGUM, Sheriff of Fulton County, Georgia, No. 775, Argued February 25 and 26, 1915, Decided April 19, 1915.

Georgia Reports 141 Georgia 243 (1914), 142 Georgia 617 (1914), 142 Georgia 741 (1914).

Georgia State Code: The code of the State of Georgia, 1910 (Constitution of the State of Georgia).

Pinkerton - Pinkerton Detective Agency Investigation Reports, filed by various Pinkerton detectives, May 1913, Leo M. Frank Papers, American Jewish Archives, Cincinnati, OH.

Posthumous Pardon, 1983.

Affidavit in the state of Tennessee, County of Sullivan, 1982.

(Alonzo McClendon Mann, Gore and Hillman Attorneys, Bristol, Tennessee).

Decision in Response to the Application for Posthumous Pardon for Leo Frank. (Georgia State Board of Pardons and Paroles, 1986).

BOOKS:

Alexander, Henry Aaron. Some Facts about the Murder Notes in the Phagan Case. Privately Published Pamphlet, 1914.

Alpin, Elaine Marie, An Unspeakable Crime The Prosecution and Persecution of Leo Frank, Carolrhoda Books, 2010.

Arnold, Reuben Rose. The Trial of Leo Frank: Reuben R. Arnold's Address to the Court in His Behalf. Baxley, Georgia. Classic Publishing Company, 1915.

Berstein, Matthew H. Screening a Lynching: The Leo Frank Case on Film and Television. Univ. of Georgia Press, 2009.

Busch, Francis Xavier. Guilty or Not Guilty. Indianapolis, The Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1952.

Cook, Fred J. The Ku Klux Klan: American's Recurring Nightmare. New York, Simon & Schuster, 1983.

Connolly, Charles Powell. The Truth About the Frank Case. New York, Vail-Ballou Co., 1915.

Dinnerstein, Leonard. The Leo Frank Case. University of Georgia Press, 1966, 1987, 1991, 2008.

Dorsey, Hugh Manson. Argument of Hugh M. Dorsey at the Trial of Leo M. Frank. Atlanta, Georgia, The Johnson-Dallis Co., 1914.

Selected Bibliography of MOLMP

Mary Phagan

P.O. Boc 2573

801 Industrial Blvd

Ellijay, GA 30540-9998

Marietta, Georgia, 30062

Selected Bibliography, Page 2

Flowers, R. Barri, Murder at the Pencil Factor: The Killing of Mary Phagan 100 Years Later, 2017.

Frey, Robert Seitz and Thompson, Nancy. The Silent and the Damned: The Murder of Mary Phagan and the Lynching of Leo Frank, 1988, New York: Cooper Square Press, 2002.

The Frank Case, Inside Story of Georgia's Greatest Murder Mystery, Atlanta, Atlanta Publishing Co. 1914.

Garrett, Franklin M. Atlanta and Environs, 3 Volumes. New York, Lewis Historical Publishing Co., 1954.

Golden, Harry. A Little Girl is Dead, Cleveland, the World Publishing Co., 1965.

Greene, Ward. Death in the Deep South. A Novel About Murder, New York. Stackpole, 1936.

Harris, Nathaniel E. Autobiography. Macon, Georgia, The J.W. Burke Co., 1925.

Henson, Allen Lumpkin. Confessions of a Criminal Lawyer. New York, Vantage Press, 1959.

Hertzberg, Steven, Strangers Within the Gate City: The Jews of Atlanta, 1845-1915, Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1978.

Lasker, Albert D.; Interview by Boyden Sparkles, transcript, Albert D. Lasker Collection, Deering McCormick Library of Special Collections, Northwestern University Library, Evanston, IL.

Lindeman, Albert S. The Jew Accused: Three Anti-Semitic Affairs (Dreyfus, Belis, Frank). 1894-1915 Cambridge: Cambridge Unive. Press, 1993.

Mamet, David. The Old Religion: Overlook Press 1987, 2002

Melnick, Jeffrey. Black -Jewish Relations on Trial: Leo Frank and Jim Conley in the New South. Jackson: Univ. Press of Mississippi, 2000.

The Nation of Islam. The Secret Relationship between Blacks & Jews, Volume 3; The Leo Frank Case: The Lynching of a Guilty Man, 2016.

Oney, Steve. And the Dead Shall rise: The Murder of Mary Phagan and the Lynching of Leo Frank. New York: Pantheon Books, 2003.

Powell, Arthur G. I Can Go Home Again. Chapel Hill, The University of North Carolina Press, 1943.

Samuels, Charles and Louise. Night Fell on Georgia. New York, Dell Publishing Co., 1956.

Simmons, William J. Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. Atlanta, Ku Klux Press, 1915.

Van Paassen, Pierre. To Number Our Days. New York, Charles Scribner & Sons, 1964.

Wiggins, Gene. Fiddlin' Georgia Crazy: Fiddlin' John Carso, His Real World and the World of His Songs, 1986.

Woodward, C. Vann. Tom Watson: Agrarian Rebel, 1938.

ARTICLES, PERIODICALS, MAGAZINES:

Asbury, Herbert. "Hearst Comes to Atlanta, " The American Mercury, VII. January, 1926, 67 - 95.

Connolly, C.P. "The Frank Case, " Collier's LIV (December 19), 6 - 7, 22 - 24, December 26, p. 18-20, 23 - 25.

Moseley, Clement Charlton. "The Case of Leo M. Frank, 1913 - 1915, The Georgia Historical Quarterly, LI (March, 1967), 42 - 62.

Israel Today, 1984.

"The Passing of Tom Watson," The Outlook, CXXXII (October 11, 1922), 228 - 29.

"The United States Supreme Court and the Frank Case," The Central Law Journal, LXXX (1915), 29 - 32.

US Magazine, 1982.

Watson's Magazine, 1914 - 1915.

"Why Was Frank Lynched?" Forum, LVI (December 1916) 677 - 92.

UNPUBLISHED MATERIAL

Bowden, Henry. "Study of the Mary Phagan-Leo Frank Case."

Unpublished Paper, Atlanta, Georgia, 1945.

Brown, Tom Watson. "Notes on the Case of Leo Max Frank and Its Aftermath." Atlanta Miscellany File, #572, Box 2, Emory University, Robert W. Woodruff Library, Special Collections Department.

Freshman Clark. "Beyond Pontius Pilate and Judge Lynch: The Pardoning Power in Theory and Practice As Illustrated in the Leo Frank Case. Unpublished Bachelor of Arts Thesis, Department of History and Government, Harvard College, 1986.

Neely, Edgar. "Brief of Memorandum Amicus Curiae in Opposition to the Grant of Posthumous Pardon." Application for Pardon for Leo Frank, Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles, 1983.

Special Collections and Archives

MOVIES, DOCUMENTARIES, AND PRESENTATIONS

Birth of a Nation, 1915.

They Won't Forget, 1937.

National Broadcasting Company (NBC): Profiles in Courage series: John M. Slaton, 1962.

The Murder of Mary Phagan, TV Miniseries, NBC, 1988.

Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) Documentary. The People vs Leo Frank. 2008.

Seeking Justice: The Leo Frank Case Revisited: 2009.

Cobb Librarian Discusses the Lynching of Leo Frank: 2023

PLAYS:

Night Witch, 1967.

Parade, 1998; 2008, 2023, 2024

SPECIAL COLLECTIONS AND ARCHIVES:

Atlanta Historical Society

Atlanta City Directory

Leo Frank Personality File Mss91

Emory University

Robert W. Woodruff Library, Special Collections Department

Atlanta Miscellaneous File #572, Box 2

Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles

Application for Posthumous Pardon of Leo Frank and decisions.

Georgia Department of Archives and History,

John Marshall Slaton Collection 2094-01, 51 - 60 (restricted)

John Marshall Slaton Collection AC# 00070

Mary Phagan-Kean Scrapbooks, Pictures, and files

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

A. Interviews

Lily Phagan Baswell, in Marietta, April 9 and 13, 1987. Mrs. Baswell is the first cousin of little Mary Phagan.

Tom Watson Brown, in Atlanta, March-October 1987. Mr Brown is the great grandson of Tom Watson and is considered to be an authority on the Phagan-Frank case.

Betty Cantor, in Atlanta, April 6, 1987. Ms. Cantor is the Associate Director for the Anti-Defamation League.

Annabelle Phagan Cochran, in Atlanta, March 5, 1987. Mrs. Cochran is the author's aunt.

Franklin Garrett, in Atlanta, February 14, 1987. Mr. Garrett is a well-known Atlanta historian and author of Atlanta and Environs.

J.C. Girthrie, in Atlanta, February 23, 1987. Mr. Girthrie is a childhood friend of the author's grandfather.

George Keeler, in Marietta, February 24, 1987. Mr. Keeler is the son of O.B. Keeler, journalist who covered the trial for the Atlanta Georgian.

Bill Kinney, in Marietta, February-October, 1987. Mr Kinney is the Senior Editor of the Marietta Daily Journal and has written several series on the Phagan-Frank case. He is considered to be an authority on the case and has studied the case for fifty years.

Stuart Lewengrub, in Atlanta, April 6, 1987. Mr. Lewengrub is the Regional Director for the Anti-Defamation League.

Mary Richards Phagan, in Atlanta, April 6, 1987. Mrs. Phagan is the author's grandmother.

Charles Wittenstein, in Atlanta, April 6, 1987. Mr Wittenstein is the Southern Counsel for the Anti-Defamation League.

Selected Bibliography of MOLMP

Lost pages from the first edition book of 'The Murder of Little Mary Phagan', 1987, the original publisher left out the reference, citations, bibliography, and footnotes of the work.

Download: Selected Bibliography (PDF)

Bell Telephone Conversations:

Billie Coleman, June 22, 1987, and January 9th, 1988. Ms. Coleman is the stepsister of little Mary Phagan.

Frances Parrish, June 22, 1987; July 12, 1987; August 10, 13, 25, 1987; September 5 and 6, 1987. Mrs. Parrish is the niece of little Mary Phagan and furnished the pictures of the Phagan family and the postcard written by Little Mary Phagan (1899 - 1913).

Correspondence Letters from:

Stuart Lewengrub, March 21, 1974. Mr. Lewengrub is the Regional Director of the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith.

Silas Moore, January 17, 1983; decisions dated December 22, 1983, and March 11, 1986. Mr. Moore is the Deputy Director for the Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles.

Sandra Roberts, April 6, 14, and 22, 1982. Ms. Roberts was the librarian for the Nashville Tennessean newspaper.

INTRODUCTION: FINAL

Word Count: 606 Words, Reading Time: 3 Minutes

I placed a single red rose on the grave. My finger traced over the name Mary Phagan. The epitaph was one I knew by heart.

First Visit 1978

ON THIS DAY OF FADING IDEALSAND DISAPPEARING LANDMARKS
LITTLE MARY PHAGAN'S HEROISM

IS AN HEIRLOOM THAN WHICH

THERE IS NOTHING MORE PRECIOUS

AMONG THE OLD RED HILLS OF

GEORGIA.

SLEEP, LITTLE GIRL; SLEEP IN

YOUR HUMBLE GRAVE BUT IF THE

ANGELS ARE GOOD TO YOU IN

THE REALMS BEYOND THE TROU

BEL [SIC] SUNSET AND THE CLOUDED

STARS, THEY WILL LET YOU

KNOW THAT MANY AN ACHING HEART IN

GEORGIA BEATS FOR YOU, AND

MANY A TEAR FROM EYES UNUSED TO WEEP, HAS PAID TRIBUTE

TOO SACRED FOR WORDS. [Footnote 1]

Looking up, I saw an old couple trudge up the grassy hill towards the grave. I stood up and turned to meet them, "Can I help you?" I inquired. xi.

The lady wore a light blue dress with a matching striped jacket and white sandals. Her brown eyes were framed by glasses and her hair was gray. I guess she was in her mid-to-late eighties. Her husband also had brown and gray hair, balding a little on top. Twin-like, they were almost color-coordinated: he wore a light gray wool suit and pale blue shirt. He must have been around ninety years old, and he walked with a can. He towered over her.

Somehow, from the way they carried themselves, I knew their questions would be different. Not the usual, "Do you know where the grave of little Mary Phagan is?" "Are you, by any chance, related to little Mary Phagan?" "How do you feel about the murder of little Mary Phagan"?

They seemed to be remembering, too.

The lady looked at me with concern and intensity, and finally spoke: "It was on April 26, 1913, Confederate Memorial Day, that little Mary Phagan was murdered in downtown Atlanta. Not many people celebrate Confederate Memorial Day anymore. Not many native born here anymore."

She turned her head slightly, and her eyes swept over Mary Phagan's gravestone. "We remember different times. Times long ago. Times that don't come except for her story."

She paused and added, "We were there. And little Mary Phagan's story remains with us. All the sadness and some of the hate, we felt it. Yes, times were different all right. A lot of murders happen today. But they don't symbolize something like hers did. We were one of her kind, hard-working and striving to have a decent life. We made it, but she didn't."

For the first time, she looked closely at me. "You look a lot like her," she said, her voice faltering. xii

I nodded sadly. "My name is Mary Phagan, Little Mary Phagan was my great-aunt."

For a moment the couple stared at me in disbelief, and then they wrapped their arms around me to comfort me. "Yes," the old woman said, "I can see the resemblance now." Breaking the embrace, she patted my shoulder gently. For a while, we were silent and then, as daylight faded, they politely excused themselves. xiii

____________________________________________Footnote 1: Erected by Marietta Camp
No. 763, U.C.V June 25th, 1915, and in 1933 a grave-top marble slab inscribed with indelible word was placed over her grave. the engraving of the epitaph was something written decades ago by a former U.S. Congressman from Georgia, Tom Watson, who had passed away in 1922.

Chapter 16: 1998: Parade the Broadway musical is a corruption of history and radical attempt to whitewash a horrible murder and pin it on Jim Conley, a Negro Final

Word Count: 1956 Words, Reading Time: 7 Minutes

BROADWAY'S PARADE IS NOT THE "TRUE STORY" OF LEO FRANK: HATE ON A STAGE 1998-2024

It has been announced that there will soon be a performance of one of the most blatantly deceitful productions ever to appear on an American stage. Parade purports to be a “true account” of the 1913 rape and strangulation murder of 13-year-old Mary Phagan in an Atlanta factory. Leo Frank, the factory manager, was arrested and convicted of the crime. She was more than a faceless victim of a century-old murder; she was my great aunt and she is the one for whom I am named. For many years my family studied this horrific crime and after thousands of research hours I wrote a book in 1987 titled The Murder of Little Mary Phagan.
As experts on the case, and the propaganda and misinformation surrounding it, we must inform you that the play Parade is part of a cynical attempt to rewrite history and to hide one of the most racist chapters in American history.

And, further, they pose Frank as a symbol of "civil rights" even though it is abundantly clear that Leo Frank and his supporters employed the most racist of tactics to elude justice. They seek to bury the fact that Frank and his high-priced team of private eyes and lawyers attempted to
pin the blame on two innocent African American men!

For over a century, powerful members of the Jewish community have taken on Leo Frank as a cause celebre. They falsely claim that Frank was a victim of anti-Semitism and they have engaged in an unrelenting campaign to exonerate him. A major part of that propaganda campaign is Alfred Uhry’s play Parade. But Uhry and those who promote Parade have concealed the mountain of evidence that proves that Frank was indeed the murderer of Little Mary Phagan.

And, further, they pose Frank as a symbol of "civil rights" even though it is abundantly clear that Leo Frank and his supporters employed the most racist of tactics to elude justice. They seek to bury the fact that Frank and his high-priced team of private eyes and lawyers attempted to pin the blame on two innocent African American men!

Parade, a musical began at the New York's Lincoln Center December 17, 1998. Parade was a short-lived Broadway musical which earned Tony Awards for best book of a musical [Alred Uhry] and best original score [Jason Robert Brown].

Parade comes from the Confederate Memorial Day Parade, where Mary Phagan was murdered at the National Pencil Company April 26, 1913, the subsequent trial and conviction of Leo Frank, Superintendent and the lynching of Frank by the Vigilance Committee in Marietta. The musical Parade clearly indicates Jim Conley, the negro committed the murder of Mary Phagan.

Peach Buzz December 19, 1998, wrote that the most critical review from Ben Brantley chief critic of New York Times "singled out Uhry's book as one of the weakest elements of the musical about Leo Frank case, which premiered Thursday at Lincoln Center... flat and iconic as a bleeding saint religious mural. For tears to flow, we have to get to Leo Frank as a man, not a symbol, Brantley wrote. The civics lesson that is 'Parade' forbids our ever approaching such knowledge."

With ticket sales falling and Canadian Livent Inc. partnership filling for Chapter 11 of the federal bankruptcy code, Lincoln Center Theater ends Parade on February 28, 1999, with an estimated loss of 5.5 million,

Parade opens June 13-18, 2000, at Atlanta's Fox Theater.

Marietta's Theater in the Square looks at the same chapter in Georgia, The Lynching of Leo Frank August 16, 2000. and Final Performance September 24, 2000.

"Robert Myers’ The Lynching of Leo Frank examines the social, political and moral climate surrounding the famed early 1900s case. Frank, a Jewish factory manager, was convicted of the murder of young pencil factory worker Mary Phagan. While imprisoned at Milledgeville, he was forced from the jail by a *mob and hanged in Marietta, less than two miles from the site of the town square." [TheaterMania.com] *[no mobs, they called themselves the "Vigilance Committee]

2015: The hundredth anniversary of the lynching of Leo Frank

Parade, Marietta Theater in the Square; The Phagan family attended and were deeply offended by the musical Parade. The portrayal of Mary Phagan and our great-grandmother, Fannie Phagan Coleman was shameful, distasteful and blatant lies.

2018: From September 27–October 7, Jason Robert Brown and Alfred Uhry’s Tony-winning musical Parade played the historic town of Marietta, Georgia, where the tragic events of history chronicled in the show played out over a century ago.

2019: Student Protests Lead Point Park to Postpone Parade Musical

Pittsburg Post-Gazzette

In 2019, Pennsylvania College Students at Point Park University in Pittsburgh “rejected the Alfred Uhry play PARADE and the school CANCELLED its performance. For years Uhry, the writer of the movie Driving Miss Daisy has promoted PARADE as the ‘true story’ of the Leo Frank case.” According to the Jewish Chronicle, “some Point Park students...took issue with the show’s conclusion that implies that Jim Conley, a black janitor and Frank’s main accuser, was the actual perpetrator of the crimes...”
Students at Point Park determined that they would not be a part of racist propaganda.

2023:

New York City Center (NYCC) has announced that it will present one of the most blatantly deceitful productions ever to appear on an American stage. *Parade purports to be a “true account” of the 1913 rape and strangulation murder of 13-year-old Mary Phagan in an Atlanta factory. Leo Frank, the factory manager, was arrested and convicted of the crime. *This was the first time that a neo-Nazi hate group, The National Socialist Movement, protested the Broadway revival of “Parade.” They held signs/pamphlets stating that Leo Frank was a pedophile.

What the management of NYCC may not know is that when they chose to stage the play Parade, they made themselves part of a cynical attempt to rewrite history and to hide one of the most racist chapters in American history. NYCC’s mission statement claims that they are “committed to being an anti-racist organization.” It further states that they will “Conduct internal and external listening and learning sessions to recognize the challenges faced by Black, Indigenous, and People of Color in society while we identify and reject white privilege in all its forms throughout our organization and industry.” Well, if this is so, then Parade represents a firm step by NYCC in the opposite direction.

NYCC chose The Telsey Office to be the casting agency for Parade, and they say this on their website: “We are constantly and endlessly striving to be an actively anti-racist organization through education, communication, and most importantly, measurable action. This includes being unafraid to have uncomfortable conversations...

The New York City Center and The Telsey Office have now made themselves part of that racist campaign.

Even The Telsey Office’s description of Mr. Conley in their casting call is completely inaccurate and full of the same ugly stereotypes promoted by Leo Frank’s defense team.

It reads:
"[JIM CONLEY] Character is male, 20s,
Black. Janitor who works for Leo Frank....
Secretly, he is a convict on the run. Pompous showman with a strong build."
(So much for “constantly and endlessly striving to be an actively anti-racist organization through education.”)

Further, Alfred Uhry’s Parade demands that we ignore sworn testimony of Leo Frank’s sexual crimes against girls and young women, even before the murder of Little Mary Phagan. Frank, it is now clear, was very much the Harvey Weinstein and Jeffrey Epstein of his era. At least 20 young women and girls Frank employed at the factory he managed testified of how they were victims of his sexual harassment. In 1913, they did not have the #MeToo movement to stand up for them.

Scholars Slam “Fictional” Parade
Frankly, no serious scholars of this case have ever taken Parade as anything other than a made-up fairy tale to advance a political agenda. Boston University professor Dr. Jeffrey Melnick is author of a book about the Leo Frank case, Black–Jewish Relations on Trial: “Uhry has romantic, nostalgic ideas of Southern Jewish culture. I’m pretty critical of him.” “I’m clearly in a strange position of agreeing with a lot of what the Nation of Islam has to say…” In fact, Dr. Melnick was asked directly whether he felt Frank was really guilty. He answered, “I studied all I could and I can’t figure it out still.” Dr. Melnick says of the Nation of Islam book: “They say this really great thing about how Frank has been used, how Frank has been picked up as this 1915 Jewish martyr who then we used to read backwards into Southern history to say Jews have always been in parallel position to African-Americans. It’s not a defensible story. As a Jewish-American raised on stories of victimhood and vulnerability, I recognize the way these
stories are used for sympathy. The Frank case is a zero-sum battle. If Frank didn’t do it, someone black had to do it.”

Journalist Steve Oney is the ADL expert on the case. He penned a book of 742 pages titled The Dead Shall Rise:“Uhry took dramatic license to bring the story to life. It’s a play. It’s not a history. It’s a play based on facts. I don’t think Alfred Uhry would tell you it’s the truth. It’s the truth as they see it, as they dramatized it.”

Alfred Uhry was asked by an interviewer, “What do you
hope people will bring away from this musical?”
UHRY: “If people are touched, I’ve done my job. This is risky. Sometimes I think, ‘OK, this time they’re going to catch me, I have no talent, they’re going to nail me for the fraud I am.’”
EXACTLY.

If one reads the old newspapers, one will not see any mobs or read about any anti-Semitism. Nowhere can it be found in the original newspapers that there was a “mob outside of the courtroom shouting antisemitic slurs,” as the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) has promoted for decades with absolutely no proof. Even Frank’s “savior,” Gov. John Slaton, acknowledged that reality and the fact that the Jewish people were respected members of society in Georgia at the time. The religion of Leo Frank played no role in his guilty verdict or his death sentence (execution by hanging) or his lynching. The facts of the murder case and the cache of damning evidence pointed convincingly to Frank having committed a reprehensible crime. Oddly enough, it was Frank’s own mother who brought religion into the trial by embarrassing herself in court with the shouting of anti-Christian slurs at the prosecutor, Hugh Dorsey.

Author Steve Oney is considered by the ADL to be their top authority. He reported: “To the extent that there was bias in the coverage, it was mostly in Frank’s favor…” He goes on to state that Atlanta’s newspapers, “evincing the prejudices of the time, ridiculed the state’s star witness—a black factory janitor named Jim Conley…”
In fact, in the face of damning evidence Atlanta’s media insisted upon Frank’s innocence and sought to reinforce how much integrity he had as the leader of B’nai B’rith. The three Georgian papers, all with Jewish editors, went along with Frank’s defense team in their racist desire to pin the crime on two separate African American men.

The play PARADE refuses to acknowledge the evidence of Leo Frank’s guilt in this horrible crime.

On June 21, 2023, Bill Torphy writes:

OPINION: The Leo Frank case - the ‘Parade’ that won’t end (ajc.com)

Suggests he is tired of the "anti-semitism" scan and never says Frank is innocent nor does he say that Conley is guilty. Is this a pushback to those in Georgia who demand an exoneration for Frank?

Chapter 17: 2003: Steve Oney Publishes Book Final

Word Count: 1788 Words, Reading Time: 7 Minutes

It took seventeen [17] years for Steve Oney to publish his book And the Dead Shall Rise, The Murder of Mary Phagan and the Lynching of Leo Frank, published by Pantheon, a division of Random House, October 7, 2003 with 742 pages which starts with the murder of Mary Phagan, a 13-year-old who worked at the National Pencil Factory and ends with the lynching of Leo Frank, superintendent of the factory by a group of vigilantes on August 17, 1915 from an oak tree outside Marietta near the present-day Big Chicken.

Oney is a University of Georgia graduate and then went to Harvard where he was as a Nieman Fellow. Oney worked for several years as a staff writer at The Atlanta Journal Constitution Magazine before he became a freelance writer for Esquire, The New York Times Magazine, Playboy, GQ, Premiere.

What makes this book different than the others that have been written?

Considered to be the Anti -Defamation League [ADL] definitive account of the case without conclusion about Frank's innocence or guilt.
NO PROOF AT ALL that “prejudice” or “anti-Semitism” affected the trial.

Claims by the ADL and former governor Roy Barnes, Rabbi Lebow, Jewish Community and others "And there were just mobs of people. And as the jury would go [to] the courthouse every day, the mob would scream, ‘Hang the Jew or we’ll hang you!’ didn't happen! This is very significant because this particular claim is central to the belief that anti-Semitism infected Frank’s murder trial and tainted the guilty verdict.

But Steve Oney is very, very clear about it:
“[I]t didn’t happen. It was something that someone wrote a couple years after the crime, and then it got stuck into subsequent recountings of the story….Jews were accepted in the city, and the record does not substantiate subsequent reports that the crowd outside the courtroom shouted at the jurors:
‘Hang the Jew or we’ll hang you.’”

3. It is the first published account of an accurate listing of vigilantes who planned and carried out the lynching of Frank. Oney spoke to numerous Mariettans [Bill Kinney, Associate Editor of Marietta Daily Journal, Judge Luther Hames, George Morris, Lucille Suhr, Lex Jolley, Narvel Lassiter, Bob Garrison, Jimmy T. Anderson, Eugene Herbert Clay, Chuck Clay, Mary Phagan-Kean.] *March 8, 2003 MDJ

September 8, 2003 From Atlanta Journal Constitution of Alleged Conspiracy Participants, September 8, 2003

On Thursday, October 9, 2003, Oney was guest speaker at the Marietta Kiwanis Club meeting with approximately 250 people. Notable guests who had ties to the case included:

Georgia Department of Education Program Specialist for Visual Impairments, Mary Phagan-Kean, great-niece of Mary Phagan.

Associate Editor, Bill Kinney, uncle to Cicero Dobbs.

State Senator Chuck Clay, great-nephew of Herbert Clay alleged lynching planner.

Marietta Councilman Andy Morris, great-grandson of. alleged lynching planner Cobb Superior Court Judge Newt Morris.

Realtor James Bolan Glover, kin of alleged planner Bolan Glover Brumby.

Insurance Executive J.F. Shaw, son of alleged lyncher Coon Shaw.

Media Mogul, Tom Watson Brown, great-grandson of Tom Watson who published The Jeffersonian in which his editorials supposedly created the atmosphere to undertake the lynching after Governor Salton commuted Frank's death sentence.

Steve Oney Interview: James Edward Phagan, Sr. and Mary Phagan-Kean at the home of James Edward Phagan Sr. in 1980's before his book was published. [1714 Hudson Woods Trial, Decatur, Georgia]

Honestly, we were shocked at his depiction of the Phagan Family -Mary Phagan was a "hillbilly" "cracker" very, very flirtatious, developed for her age.

"Mary would have been one of the prettiest girls in any crowd. Eyes blue as cornflowers, checks high-boned and rosy, smile beguiling as honeysuckle, figure busty [later, everyone acknowledged that she was exceedingly well-developed for her age], she had undoubtedly already tortured many a boy. There was simply something about her -a tilt to the chin, a dare in the gaze-that projected those flirtatious wiles that Southern girls often employ to devastating effect.” *Steve Oney quotes Page 25 of the Pinkertons Files on May 13, 1913- those words are not stated. Mrs. Coleman states that "Mary had not reached puberty, but that the girl was large and well-formed, appearing to be at least sixteen years of age." *Page 3-4 of Oney's book

Mary had worked eleven-hour shifts, five days a week [barring holidays] during the time period from spring 1912 to April 26, 1913 at the National Pencil Company. The Atlanta Constitution reported that Mary resigned the Thursday, April 24, 1913, before her murder: Apil 28, 1913. "Mrs. Coleman reports stated that Mary began working at the age of 12 for the National Pencil Company and did not have to work after she married J.W. Coleman" [The Leo Frank Case, 1991 Special Edition, Leonard Dinnerstein page 11]. Nowhere in the record can it be found that Mary "quit school to help out at home. Or that in 1909, at the age of 10, she'd hired on part-time at a textile mill and in 1911, she'd taken a steady job at a paper manufacturer. [Actually, it was my grandmother, Mary Phagan: Interview March 5, 1987] *Page 5 Oney [Atlanta Georgian, April 28, 1913]- Steve Oney is promoting misinformation as my grandmother, Mary Phagan [Interview 1986] was the one hired at age 10 at a part-time at a textile mill and in 1911 had taken a steady job at a paper manufacturer.

1910 Census which indicates Mary was not working at age 11.

Family History see Chapter 2 pages 9-23 or repeat this?

William Jackson Phagan was born on November 17, 1854, in Hall, Georgia, his mother, Ruth, was 24. He married Angelena "Jelena" O'Shields on February 18, 1872, in Hall, Georgia.

William Jackson Phagan and Angelina O'Shields Phagan, made their home in Acworth, Georgia. Their land off Mars Mill Road was also home to their children: William Joshua, Haney McMellon, Charles Joseph, Reuben Egbert, John Marshall, George Nelson, Lizzie Mary Etta, John Harvell, Mattie Louise, Billie Arthur, and Dora Ruth. Two other children had died during childbirth. "These children grew up to be very close to one another. Their father, W.J., believed that that was what the family unit was meant to be: by depending on each other and furthering their education, he was sure, the Phagans would get far ahead in the world. "The eldest son, William Joshua, loved the land and farmed with his father. On December 27, 1891, he married Fannie Benton. The Reverend J.D. Fuller presided over the Holy Bans of Matrimony for them in Cobb County, Georgia. W.J. gave them a portion of the land and a home of their own, and Fannie and William Joshua farmed the land together. They, too, became successful farmers.

"Around 1895, W.J. moved the family to Florence, Alabama. William Joshua and Fannie, now with two young children, Benjamin Franklin and 0llie Mae, moved with them. "The family's new home, purchased from General Coffee, had been a hospital during the War Between the States. The house needed extensive renovation, but posed no financial burden on the family. W.J., Angelina, and their children lived in the main house; the young couple's new home was not far away. "The years in Alabama were good for them, especially for William Joshua and Fannie. They had two more children, Charles Bryan and William Joshua, Jr. They continued to farm the land. "In February of 1899, William Joshua Phagan died of measles. Fannie, who was then six months pregnant, was left with their four young children. She was devastated but kept her courage up: she knew the child she was carrying could be in danger.

On June 1, Mary Anne Phagan was born to Fannie in Florence, Alabama. "Fannie remained in Alabama long enough for her and her baby daughter to gain their strength. Then she moved her family back home to Georgia, where she planned to live with her widowed mother, Mrs. Nannie Benton, and her brother, Rell Benton."

W.J. Phagan moved his family back to Georgia as well. The death of his eldest son so bereaved him that the family could no longer remain in Alabama. He purchased a log home and land on Powder Springs Road in Marietta. W.J. also provided Fannie with a home for her and her five children to live in. He saw to it that they had no hardships. "About 1907 the last of the Phagan family left Alabama and returned to Georgia. Reuben Egbert and his family moved back to their native state and remained there for the rest of their lives. W.J. kept an eye on all his children and his grandchildren, and by 1910 had all of them nearby him, as well as financially secure, in Marietta.

Wedding announcement published 9 Aug 1911, in the Atlanta Constitution, for Laura Rogers and WJ Phagan:

1911 Wedding Announcement of William Jackson Phagan

W.J. Phagan House in 1913, Marietta, Georgia.

Phillips-Phagan-Hunt Historic House

Burned down on October 22, 2005.

W.J. Phagan died on November 20, 1914, in Marietta, Georgia, at the age of 60, and was buried in the prominent section of the Marietta City Cemetery where Mary Phagan is also buried.

The Family of Little Mary Phagan & The Truth About the Leo Frank Case is being censored to keep the public away from factual truthful information about Leo Frank. They are trying to blame the victim, Mary Phagan, and sully her reputation. They say, “Why would Mary go to the factory alone knowing of Frank’s reputation?”
The fact is Mary didn't see the notices posted at the Pencil Company on Friday that Saturday was a holiday, and the help would be paid off Friday evening. Mary Phagan, had been laid off the previous Monday, April 21, 1913, as a result of a shortage of brass sheet metal supplies. Not having been at the factory since the metal tips had run out, Mary had not seen the notice and reported at the usual hour on Saturday.

Certainly, Frank was a sexual pervert, but until then he had not shown himself to be violent and he had not been known to murder. Several other girls were also coming in that Saturday for their pay, and despite the holiday, many people had come to the factory for other business-related activities. Literally, just minutes before she arrived in Frank’s office two other female workers, a secretary, the office boy, a janitor, and the factory foreman had been there performing various tasks. Yet another woman was at the factory visiting her husband who was working on the above floor. So Mary could never have believed she was in danger. She planned to collect her pay and go on her way to see the Confederate Memorial Day parade.

Chapter 13: 1987-1988 Mary Phagan NBC “Docudrama” Final

Word Count: 1455 Words, Reading Time: 7 Minutes

NBC plans Leo Frank miniseries

On March 22, 1987, the Atlanta Journal and Atlanta Constitution by Monte Plott

"We had a script in 1982, but there was a change in management at the network and they said people don't want historic things. They want [ed] contemporary realism, Stevens said. "Now, there is renewed interest in the historical miniseries and in this case." And in June 1987, Stevens also had the "codicil of Frank's exoneration [pardon without addressing guilt or innocence]" which changed the network in loving the idea and bought a four-hour miniseries.

This verifies that the Tennessean special supplement "AN INNOCENT MAN WAS LYNCHED'" and Alonzo Mann's appearance before the Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles, THAT THE TENNSESSEAN STAFF INITIATED PLANS FOR A BOOK, AND HAD EVEN SPOKEN TO A PRODUCER FOR A TELEVISION MINISERIES.

I realized that my father's prediction of more books being written about the case and television miniseries was beginning to come true.

Before NBC announced, "The Murder of Mary Phagan as a historical docudrama/miniseries to be released in January 1988, Tom Watson Brown (great grandson of Tom Watson) and I were able to review the teleplay which originally was titled "The Ballad of Mary Phagan" and wrote to inform them of the inaccuracies. Technical assistance was offered to NBC but was turned down.

The teleplay was based on Harry Golden's A Little Girl Is Dead, 1965 which had factual errors on every single page and even included the same misspelling of names.

Steve Oney who published his book And the Dead Shall Rise, The Murder of Mary Phagan and the Lynching of Leo Frank, 2003 had the opportunity to read a good deal of the teleplay: "It is inaccurate in many, many points, both specific and in the larger spirit and it takes immense liberties. [Miniseries stirs Phagan controversy, AC, January 7, 1988]

Regrettably George Stevens, Jr. and Jeffrey Lane chose to ignore the truth and did not conduct any historical research regarding the rape- murder of Mary Phagan, the conviction of Leo Frank in 1913 and his lynching in 1915 even though they stated, "some aspects of the case have been changed, scenes have been invented and composite characters created, but they maintain that the miniseries is essentially truthful."[Phil Kloer, Atlanta Constitution, January 7, 1988, Miniseries stirs Phagan Controversy]

The only facts not disputed- Mary Phagan was found murdered in the basement of the National Pencil Factory; Leo Frank, superintendent was arrested, tried and convicted; Slaton Commutation sentences Leo Frank to life in prison and Leo Frank was lynched. And the nightmares continued.

Ironically, The Today Show on NBC contacted my publisher, Joan Dunphy and requested an interview regarding my book Murder of Little Mary Phagan which was recently released the week before on January 25, 1988. Robert Seitz Frey, The Silent and the Damned, 1988 appeared as well. We were interviewed by Deborah Norville from Dalton Georgia.

Bill Kinney; January 27, 1988, *Marietta Daily Journal*

Bill Kinney; January 31, 1988
Marietta Daily Journal After a delayed flight from New York to Atlanta, "Mary Phagan- Kean told the Metro Marietta Kiwanis Club (MDJ Phagan-Kean calls Series 'inaccurate and boring'" "Mary Phagan's great-niece says miniseries isn't history (January 26 & 27, 1988), after viewing Part II that she was 'banking on the intelligence of the American People' and it is a totally fictionalized and Hollywoodized account- the portrayal of the Phagan's as a poor family, John Phagan, Mary's father died before Mary was born, Mary Phagan fighting for her life and Fannie Phagan Coleman spitting in the face of the private detective William J. Burns'." Skip Chesshire, a Kiwanis member: "I was impressed with her poise and the fact she answered each question as honestly as she could. It made me very skeptical of the docudrama on TV after hearing the great-niece of the little girl actually murdered."

Marietta Daily Journal Associate Editor Bill Kinney has covered Cobb County for over 40 years and is a recognized expert on the Leo Frank case.

"Mary Phagan 'docudrama' is more fiction than fact" [January 26, 1988]

"The 'docudrama' is an idea whose time has never come. It should quickly become a thing of the past."

"Some well-known name's were sullied by miniseries" [January 31,1988]

Bill Kinney; January 31, 1988: *Marietta Daily Journal*

"NBC's nationally televised docudrama on 'The Murder of Little Mary Phagan' was a great work of fiction with an incredible string of misstatements and distortions of fact that characterized the first South-bashing episode."

"NBC missed the Frank case's ABCs [February 2, 1988] "The miniseries falsely puts the Phagan family in a bad light."

Bill Kinney; February 2, 1988, *Marietta Daily Journal*

"It's deplorable that a great TV network has so little regard for factual presentation or historical accuracy. It's painful to have to again rehash the historical facts."

Matthew H. Bernstein, Screening a Lynching, University of Georgia Press, 2009 stated that Mary Phagan-Kean's comments to the Metro Marietta Kiwanis Club were "seconded by Celestine Sibley by beloved local columnist who had authored a five-part series on the case for the Constitution twelve years earlier."

Celestine Sibley, [The Atlanta Constitution, January 29, 1988] has been interested in the Phagan-Frank case for years-to the extent of researching and writing a five-part series years ago (1978) and read most of the books, newspapers of the day and transcript of the trial and interviewed many people, some of whom knew firsthand details of the life and time of the principals, if not the deaths.

Celestine Sibley: January 29, 1988; *Atlanta Constitution*

"And now I'm sorry I sat up late two nights to at television's miniseries, 'The Murder of Mary Phagan'. What a terrible thing to do, using the skills of fine actors and technical crews for one of those 'based on productions!'"

"That 'based on true story' label won't wash. Using the real name of people and places and the fictionalizing their character and actions left this viewer reeling with confusion. How much was true? How much in expedient concoction to scriptwriters?'"

"I was glad that they finally worked in Fiddling' John Carson's singing 'Death of Mary Phagan' outside the trial, but when the entire courtroom full of people got to their feet and started singing a hymn like the Mormon Tabernacle Choir in Salt Lake City, I burst into laughter.'"

Georgia experts on the case Bill Kinney and Celestine Sibley book reviews: The Murder of Little Mary Phagan by Mary Phagan, 1987.

Bill Kinney: Marietta Daily Journal, April 24, 1988:

"Ms. Phagan's book is a valuable contribution to the literature on the case, not only because it furnishes heretofore generally unknown information about the victim, the Phagan family and their beliefs about Frank and Conley, but also because Ms. Phagan recites the facts pertaining to the case. It is clear from the narrative that the author, unlike so many other people who have assessed the case. has studied. Indeed, the failing of much that has been written on the Frank case is the authors' reliance on inaccurate or exaggerated summaries of the trial, rather than an independent reviews of the Coroner's Inquest and transcripts of the trial itself. As such, her book, besides containing a touching story of a family's grief, contains historical fact that created the emotions that still rage today. It is be regretted that the publisher (submitted by the author) did not include an index. The annoyance of the absence of footnotes is largely offset by clear references to sources in the text."

Celestine Sibley: Atlanta Journal Constitution, June 12, 1988

"The Murder of Little Mary Phagan", the first book to be written by a member of the slain child's family, and a rather scholarly study of the case...Mary Phagan's is perhaps the most readable and certainly the most thorough recapitulation of the case...Determined to learn all about the case that brought ever-fresh pain to her family, the current Mary Phagan, a Marietta teacher of the blind, spent 10 years collecting evidence in the case and interviewed surviving principals...including Alonzo Mann whose testimony resulted in a posthumous pardon for Frank (without addressing his guilt or innocence)from the Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles in 1983....Phagan herself strives for objectivity ending her story with questions: 'Will we ever know with complete certainty who killed Mary Phagan? Has the answer gone to the grave with all the participants in the tragedy?'"

*The Murder of Little Mary Phagan* #5 Best Seller List, February 7, 1988; *Atlanta Journal, Atlanta Constitution*

Chapter 14: 1989: ADL Attorney Dale Schwartz Revisionism of Judge Roan Statement to Jury Final st of Judge Roan’s Charge to Jury Final

Word Count: 2465 Words, Reading Time: 10 Minutes

In 1988, ADL Attorney Dale Schwartz was interviewed by Howard Simmons, Jewish Times: Voices of the American Jewish Experience (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1988), 24-25. Schwartz is interviewed about the case on pages 18-31):

ADL Attorney Dale Schwartz stated:

[In] the judge’s [Roan’s] charge to the jury...he said, “Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, you have heard the testimony of Jim Conley, a nigger in this case. We all know that niggers don’t tell the truth unless they’re forced to. And you don’t have to believe the testimony of this nigger if you don’t want to, against the testimony of white witnesses.”

No women were on the jury for the Leo Frank Trial.

The record shows only three individuals used that kind of vicious racial invective: Leo M. Frank and his two attorneys Luther Rosser and Reuben Arnold—not Judge Roan.

Leo Frank and his defense team used “White Privilege” as a tool to play on white fears about stereotypes of “Negroes” being savage beasts and pathological liars. Scholars of the case have admitted that Leo Frank and his supporters actually relied on racism to defend himself against charges they knew were true.

The Jury were given their orders from the Judge Leonard Strickland Roan after Hugh M. Dorsey completed his closing arguments that ended at noon on Monday, August 25, 1913:

Gentlemen of the jury. This bill of indictment charges Leo M. Frank with the offense of murder. The charge is that Leo M. Frank, in this county, on the 26th day of April of this year, with force and arms, did unlawfully and with malice aforethought kill and murder one Mary Phagan by then and there choking her, the said Mary Phagan, with a cord placed around her neck.

To this charge made by the bill of indictment found by the Grand Jury of this county recently empaneled Leo M. Frank, the defendant, files a plea of not guilty. The charge as made by the bill of indictment on the one hand and his plea of not guilty filed thereto form the issue, and you, gentlemen of the jury, have been selected, chosen and sworn to try the truth of this issue.

Leo M. Frank, the defendant, commences the trial of this issue with the presumption of innocence in his favor, and this presumption of innocence remains with him to shield him and protect him until the state shall overcome it and remove it by evidence offered to you, in your hearing and presence, sufficient in its strength and character to satisfy your minds beyond a reasonable doubt of his guilt of each and every material allegation made by the bill of indictment.

I charge you, gentlemen, that all of the allegations of this indictment are material and it is necessary for the state to satisfy you of their truth by evidence that convinces your minds beyond a reasonable doubt of his guilt before you would be authorized to find a verdict of guilty.

You are not compelled to find, from the evidence, his guilt beyond any doubt, but beyond a reasonable doubt, such a doubt as grows out of the evidence in the case, or for the want of evidence, such a doubt as a reasonable and impartial man would entertain about matters of the highest importance to himself after all reasonable efforts to ascertain the truth. This does not mean a fanciful doubt, one conjured up by the jury, but a reasonable doubt.

Gentlemen, this defendant is charged with murder. Murder is defined to be the unlawful killing of a human being, in the peace of the state, by a person of sound memory and discretion, with malice aforethought either express or implied.

Express malice is that deliberate intention unlawfully to take away the life of a fellow-creature, which is manifested by external circumstances capable of proof.

Malice shall be implied where no considerable provocation appears, and where all of the circumstances of the killing show an abandoned and malignant heart.

There is no difference between express and implied malice except in the mode of arriving at the fact of its existence. The legal sense of the term “malice” is not confined to particular animosity to the deceased, but extends to an evil design in general. The popular idea of malice in its sense of revenge, hatred, ill will, has nothing to do with the subject. It is an intent to kill a human being in a case where the law would neither justify nor in any degree excuse the intention if the killing should take place as intended. It is a deliberate intent unlawfully to take human life, “whether it springs from hatred, ill will or revenge, ambition, avarice or other like passion. A man may form the intent to kill, do the killing instantly, and regret the deed as soon as done. Malice must exist at the time of the killing. It need not have existed any length of time previously.

When a homicide is proven, if it is proven to be the act of the defendant, the law presumes malice, and unless the evidence should relieve the slayer he may be found guilty of murder. The presumption of innocence is removed by proof of the killing by the defendant. When the killing is shown to be the act of the defendant, it is then on the defendant to justify or mitigate the homicide. The proof to do that may come from either side, either from the evidence offered by the state to make out its case, or from the evidence offered by the defendant or the defendant’s statement.

Gentlemen of the jury, you are made by law the sole judges of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight of the testimony of each and every witness. It is for you to take this testimony as you have heard it, in connection with the defendant’s statement, and arrive at what you believe to be the truth.

Gentlemen, the object of all legal investigation is the discovery of truth. That is the reason of you being selected, empaneled and sworn in this case — to discover what is the truth on this issue formed on this bill of indictment. Is Leo M. Frank guilty ? Are you satisfied of that beyond a reasonable doubt from the evidence in this case? Or is his plea of not guilty the truth?

The rules of evidence are framed with a view to this prominent end — seeking always for pure sources, and the highest evidence.

Direct evidence is that which immediately points to the question at issue. Indirect or circumstantial evidence is that which only tends to establish the issue by proof of various facts sustaining, by their consistency, the hypothesis claimed. To warrant a conviction on circumstantial evidence, the proven facts must not only be consistent with the hypothesis of guilt, but must exclude every other reasonable doubt hypothesis save that of the guilt of the accused.

The defendant has introduced testimony as to his good character. On this subject, I charge you that evidence of good character when offered by the defendant in a criminal case is always relevant and material, and should be considered by the jury, along with all the other evidence introduced, as one of the facts of the case.

It should be considered by the jury, not merely where the balance of the testimony in the case makes it doubtful whether the defendant is guilty or not, but also where such evidence of good character may of itself generate a doubt as to the defendant’s guilt. Good character is a substantial fact, like any other fact tending to establish the defendant’s innocence, and ought to be so regarded by the jury. Like all other facts proved in the case, it should be weighed and estimated by the jury, for it may render that doubtful which otherwise would be clear.

However, if the guilt of the accused is plainly proved to the satisfaction of the jury beyond a reasonable doubt, not withstanding the proof of good character, it is their duty to convict. But the jury may consider the good character of the defendant, whether the rest of the testimony leaves the question of his guilt doubtful or not, and if a consideration of the proof of his good character, considered along with the evidence, creates a reasonable doubt in the minds of the jury as to the defendant’s guilt, then it would be the duty of the jury to give the defendant the benefit of the doubt thus raised by his good character, and to acquit him.

The “character” as used in this connection, means that general reputation which he bore among the people who knew him prior to the time of the death of Mary Phagan. Therefore, when the witnesses by which a defendant seeks to prove his good character are put upon the stand, and testify that his character is good, the effect of the testimony is to say that the people who knew him spoke well of him, and that his general reputation was otherwise good. When a defendant has put his character in issue, the state is allowed to attack it by proving that his general reputation is not good, or by showing that the witnesses who have stated that his character is good, have untruly reported it.

Hence, the Solicitor General has been allowed to cross-examine the witnesses for the defense who were introduced to testify to his good character. In the cross-examination of these witnesses, he was allowed to ask them if they had not heard of various acts of misconduct on the defendant’s part. The Solicitor General had the right to ask any question along this line he pleased, in order thoroughly to sift the witnesses, and to see if anything derogatory to the defendant’s reputation could be proved by them.

The Court now wishes to say to you that, although the Solicitor General was allowed to ask the defendant’s character witnesses these questions as to their having heard of various acts of alleged misconduct on the defendant’s part the jury is not to consider this as evidence that the defendant has been guilty of any such misconduct as may have been indicated in the questions of the Solicitor General, or any of them, unless the alleged witnesses testify to it. Furthermore, “where a man’s character is put in evidence, and in the course of the investigation any specific act of misconduct is shown, this does not go before the jury for the purpose of showing affirmatively that his character is bad or that he is guilty of the offense with which he stands charged, but is to be considered by the jury only in determining the credibility and the degree of information possessed by those witnesses who have testified to his good character.

When the defendant has put his character in issue, the state is allowed to bring witnesses to prove that his general character is bad, and thereby to disprove the testimony of those who have stated that it is good. The jury is allowed to take this testimony, and have the right to consider it along with all the other evidence introduced on the subject of the general character of the defendant, and it is for the jury finally to determine from all the evidence whether his character was good or bad. But a defendant is not to be convicted of the crime with which he stands charged, even though, upon a consideration of all the evidence, as to his character the jury believes that his character is bad unless from all the other testimony in the case they believe that he is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.

You will, therefore, observe that this is the rule you will be guided by in determining the effect to be given to the evidence on the subject of the defendant’s character. If, after considering all the evidence pro and con on the subject of the defendant’s character, you believe that prior to the time of Mary Phagan’s death he bore a good reputation among those who knew him, that his general character was good, you will consider that as one of the facts in the case, and it may be sufficient to create a reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt, if it so impress your minds and consciences, after considering it along with all the other evidence in the case; and if it does you should give the defendant the benefit of the doubt and acquit him. However, though you should believe his general character was good, still if, after giving due weight to it as one of the facts in the case, you believe from the evidence as a whole that he is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, you would be authorized to convict him.

If you believe beyond a reasonable doubt from the evidence in this case that this defendant is guilty of murder, then you would be authorized in that event to say, “We, the jury, find the defendant guilty.” Should you go no further, gentlemen, and say nothing else in your verdict, the Court would have to sentence the defendant to the extreme penalty for murder, towit: to be hanged by the neck until he is dead. But should you see fit to do so, in the event you arrive at the conclusion and belief beyond a reasonable doubt from the evidence that this defendant is guilty, then, gentlemen, you would be authorized in that event, if you saw fit to do so, to say: “We, the jury, find the defendant guilty, and we recommend that he be imprisoned in the pentitentiary for life.” In the event you should make such a verdict as that, then the Court, under the law, would have to sentence the defendant to the penitentiary for life.

You have heard the defendant make his statement. He had the right to make it under the law. It is not made under oath and he is not subject to examination or cross-examination. It is with you as to how much of it you will believe or how little of it. You may go to the extent, if you see fit, of believing it in preference to the sworn testimony in the case.

In the event, gentlemen, you have a reasonable doubt from the evidence, or the evidence and the statement together, or either, as to the defendant’s guilt as charged, then give the prisoner the benefit of that doubt and acquit him; and in the event you do acquit him the form of your verdict would be: “We, the jury, find the defendant not guilty.” As honest jurors do your utmost to reach the truth from the evidence and statement as you have heard it here, then let your verdict speak it.

The Jury began deliberation at 1:30pm, at one point during the review a vote was taken and the result was 11 to 1. The dissenting voter told the group he didn’t want a fast conviction, but for his fellow jurymen to to spend more time discussing the case. As a result the Jury continued to deliberate, and at 4:39pm after more than 3 hours behind closed doors, the Jury came to an unanimous decision after a second and final vote. The verdict was guilty as charged, and sentencing recommendation was ‘without mercy’ implying a death sentence for Leo Frank. The verdict was delivered to Judge Leonard Strickland Roan at 4:56pm and then each Jury member was polled individually.

References

Charge of the Court at the Leo Frank Trial, August 25, Georgia Supreme Court Case File, 1913.

Leo Frank Trial Brief of Evidence, 1913.

Judge Roan's Instructions to the Jury August 25, 1913